Biomarkers for Inflammatory Bowel Disease

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method of assessing whether an individual is at high risk or low risk of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) progression by determining the expression level of two or more genes in a whole blood sample. Also provided are methods for treating IBD in an individual who is determined to be at high risk or low risk for IBD progression, and kits for assessing whether an individual is at high risk or low risk for IBD progression. Arrays, and methods of providing arrays, of patient-identified selected gene expression products from a whole blood sample of a patient are also provided.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patentapplication Ser. No. 15/642,252 filed Jul. 5, 2017, which claimspriority to British patent application GB 1611738.4, filed Jul. 5, 2016,the contents of each of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to methods of assessing whether anindividual is at high risk or low risk of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) progression, including progression of Crohn's disease (CD) andulcerative colitis (UC). The individual may optionally further besubjected to, or selected for, treatment for IBD, the treatment beingselected on the basis of whether the individual is at high risk or lowrisk of IBD progression.

BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION

It has been established that early introduction of aggressive therapiesin CD leads to better outcomes, compared to the standard step-upapproach (D'Haens et al., 2008; Colombel et al., 2010). In particular,patients treated with early combination therapy (infliximab incombination with Azathioprine; D'Haens et al., 2008) experience longerperiods of steroid-free remission, are more likely to achieve mucosalhealing and, ultimately, to avoid surgical resection (D'Haens et al.,2008; Colombel et al., 2010). However, this strategy is not suitable forall patients because a non-negligible proportion of patients would haveachieved prolonged remission even with the conventional treatmentapproach (Jess et al., 2007), and thus their treatment with combinationtherapy would expose them to unnecessary side effects and toxicity. Forthis reason, the ability to predict prognosis would be a major steptoward improving care for patients with CD, and IBD generally (IBDResearch Priority, 2015; Gerich et al., 2014).

A number of different variables have been associated with prognosis inCD; namely clinical factors, serological markers, and genetic variants(Gerich et al., 2014; Billiet et al., 2014). However, the predictivepower of these markers, used alone or in combination, has proven to belimited so far, and none are suitable for routine use in the clinic(Loly et al., 2008; Markowitz et al., 2011; Ananthakrishnan et al.,2014). As a consequence, developing a reliable prognostic test for IBD,including CD and UC, remains a priority, and is currently recognised asone of the most important unmet needs in gastroenterology (IBD ResearchPriority, 2015).

To accomplish this goal, genetic variants are promising candidateprognostic markers, because they are stable, can be easily measured, andbecause the genetic architecture of CD has already been studiedextensively, at least with regard to susceptibility (Jostins et al.,2012). However, the genetic factors discovered so far may only explain5-6% of the phenotypic variance observed in CD outcome between patients.Even if this figure were to increase, as better-powered studies discoverother outcome-associated variants, it seems unlikely that geneticfactors will be sufficient, in isolation, to enable accurate predictionof outcome in CD, and IBD generally. This is consistent with the notionthat environmental factors, including smoking, play an important role inthe natural history of IBD (Kaser et al., 2010).

Gene expression markers may be better candidates to overcome theselimitations, particularly if measured directly in tissues or cell typeswhich are involved in the disease pathogenesis (McKinney et al., 2010;Lee et al., 2011). In fact, gene expression may capture more informationabout interactions between organism and external environment (Choi etal., 2007), while still reflecting some aspects of individual geneticbackground. On the other hand, gene expression is not normally expectedto be stable over time, and isolating particular cell populationswithout affecting gene expression levels is technically challenging(Lyons et al., 2007). Outside a controlled research environment, all ofthese factors limit the use of gene expression markers in a clinicalcontext.

It has recently been reported that a distinctive gene expressionsignature, detectable in CD8+ T cells, can be used to predict prognosisin IBD (Lee et al., 2011). In particular, such a signature was able toidentify, at the time of diagnosis and before therapy, two distinctgroups of patients (IBD1 and IBD2), associated with different clinicalcourses in both CD and UC (Lee et al., 2011). More precisely, whenmanaged with the standard step-up approach (Peyrin-Biroulet et al.,2008), patients classified as belonging to the IBD1 group consistentlyshowed significantly higher risk of treatment escalation than patientsin the IBD2 group (Lee et al., 2011), thus providing a rationale fortreating these patients with more aggressive therapies at an earlierstage (Lee et al., 2011).

The aforementioned signature represented a major advance towardsprediction of outcome in IBD (Friedman et al., 2011) for three mainreasons. Firstly, the difference in outcome between patient strata ismarked enough to be potentially useful to guide therapeutic decisions(Lee et al., 2011; Friedman et al., 2011), unlike previously reportedprognostic markers (Gerich et al., 2014). Secondly, an overlapping CD8+gene expression signature was previously reported to predict diseaseoutcome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and ANCA-associatedvasculitis (AAV) patients, thus suggesting the hypothesis that commonbiological processes may underlie the prognosis of differentinflammatory diseases (McKinney et al., 2010). Finally, a partial butcompelling mechanistic explanation for the underlying biologicalprocesses was recently proposed (McKinney et al., 2015). These last twopoints are particularly important. In fact, investigating prognosisnecessarily requires longitudinal studies where data collection is bothtime consuming and expensive, thus limiting the study size. As aconsequence, it often remains in doubt whether a small cohort ofpatients can capture enough complexity from the underlying populationand whether the proposed prognostic marker is indeed reproducible. Inview of this, observing consistency with regard to disease outcomesacross different cohorts of patients with different diseases, togetherwith credible mechanistic insights, strongly increases the confidence inthe reproducibility of the aforementioned CD8+ T cell gene expressionsignature (McKinney et al., 2010; Lee et al., 2011).

However, an important problem remains to be solved before the CD8+ Tcell gene expression signature can be routinely used to stratifypatients in a clinical setting. Assigning a patient to IBD1/IBD2 groupscurrently requires RNA extraction from purified CD8+ T cells (McKinneyet al., 2010; Lee et al., 2011). It has been repeatedly observed thatthis step adds a considerable amount of complexity to a potentialprognostic test, thus limiting its applicability to small numbers ofsamples in a controlled research setting (Friedman et al., 2011; Billietet al., 2014).

On the contrary, being able to detect the IBD1/IBD2 subgroups in areadily accessible biological sample, such as whole blood, would greatlyfacilitate its clinical utility and, potentially, its applicability as aprognostic marker. Furthermore, because whole blood samples, but notpurified CD8+ T cells, have been routinely collected during someclinical trials, this would open the possibility of reanalysing past IBDdrug trials in order to re-evaluate drug efficacy after patientstratification.

Despite being potentially useful, it should be noted that detecting theIBD1/IBD2 signature in samples different from purified CD8+ T cells haspreviously proven to be challenging (Lee et al., 2011). In fact, it wasrepeatedly observed that gene expression signatures derived from CD4+ Tcells could not be used to stratify patients by disease outcome in IBD(Lee et al., 2011), SLE, or AAV (McKinney et al., 2010). Consistent withthese observations, it was not possible to identify equivalentprognostic signatures in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) usingthe same unsupervised clustering methods (Monti et al., 2003) originallyused to discover the CD8+ T cell expression signature (McKinney et al.,2010; Lee et al., 2011). This is may be due to the fact that CD8+ Tcells represent a very small and variable fraction of the PBMCpopulation (Lyons et al., 2007).

Moreover, while prognostic signatures can be discovered using highthroughput gene expression profiling technologies, such as microarrays(Schena et al., 1995), a viable prognostic test needs to rely on asmaller scale gene expression platform such as real time quantitativePCR (RT-qPCR) (Freeman et al., 1999). In fact, most of modern prognostictests developed for different conditions, such as AlloMap, Oncotype Dxand CorusCAD are qPCR based tests (Micheel et al., 2012), while only afew older tests, such as MammaPrint, rely on microarrays (Micheel etal., 2012). For this reason, if a signature that recapitulated theIBD1/IBD2 subgroups could be discovered in whole blood, the possibilityof detecting it by qPCR would be crucial for its application in aclinical setting.

There thus remains a need in the art for an IBD1/IBD2 gene expressionsignature which can be detected in whole blood using methods such asqPCR.

Statements of Invention

The present inventors have surprisingly identified a gene expressionsignature that can be used to assess whether an individual is at highrisk or low risk of IBD (e.g. ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease)progression by analysing gene expression in a whole blood sampleobtained from the individual. The expression of these genes in wholeblood can be determined, for example, by RT-qPCR. Specifically, thepresent inventors have discovered that a high risk (IBD1) phenotype ischaracterised by upregulated expression of genes ARRDC4, GBPS, P2RY14,VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, and downregulatedexpression of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 inwhole blood, relative to the level of expression of these genes in anindividual who has a low risk (IBD2) phenotype.

In one aspect, the present invention thus provides a method of assessingwhether an individual is at high risk or low risk of IBD progressioncomprising establishing, by determining the expression level of two ormore genes in a whole blood sample obtained from the individual, whethersaid individual has a high risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype,wherein the two or more genes are selected from the group consisting of:ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, LGALSL,FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, GZMK, and TRGV3.

In one embodiment, the method may comprise determining the expressionlevel of said two or more genes using e.g. RT-qPCR, digital PCR, orwhole transcriptome shotgun sequencing. In this case, the method maycomprise: (i) providing a whole blood sample obtained from theindividual; (ii) extracting RNA (e.g. mRNA) from the whole blood sample;(iii) converting the RNA (e.g. the mRNA) into cDNA, and (iv) performingRT-qPCR, digital PCR, or whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing todetermine the expression level of the two or more genes.

The present invention also provides an autoimmune disease progressionrisk assessment system for use in a method of the invention, wherein thesystem comprises a tool or tools for determining the expression of twoor more genes selected from the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5,IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, and a computer programmed to computean IBD progression risk score from the gene expression data of thesubject.

The tool(s) for determining expression of the genes may be, or comprise,reagents for establishing the expression level of the genes in questionusing any technique described herein, such as RT-qPCR, digital PCR,microarray analysis, whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, or directmultiplexed gene expression analysis. For example, the tool(s) may be,or comprise, primers suitable for establishing the level of expressionof the genes in question using e.g. RT-qPCR, digital PCR, wholetranscriptome shotgun sequencing, or direct multiplexed gene expressionanalysis. The design of suitable primers is routine and well within thecapabilities of the skilled person. Where the method comprisesmultiplexed gene expression analysis, the tool(s) may in addition, oralternatively, include fluorescent probes for establishing the level ofexpression of the genes in question. The tool(s) may also be, orcomprise, RNA extraction reagents and/or reagents for reversetranscription of RNA into cDNA. The tool(s) may also be, or comprise,one or more articles and/or reagents for performance of the method, suchas buffer solutions, and/or means for obtaining the test sample itself,e.g. means for obtaining and/or isolating a sample and sample handlingcontainers (such components generally being sterile). The computation ofan IBD progression risk score may be achieved in a number of ways andexemplary methods are set out below.

The present invention further provided is a method of treating IBD in anindividual. In one embodiment, the method may comprise: (i) identifyingthe individual as one who is at high risk or low risk of IBD progressionusing a method of the invention, and (ii) subjecting the individual totreatment for IBD.

In an alternative embodiment, the method may comprise: (i) requesting atest providing the results of an analysis to determine the expressionlevel of two or more genes in a whole blood sample obtained from theindividual, wherein the two or more genes are selected from the groupconsisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH,TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, and (ii)treating the individual determined to have an IBD1 or IBD2 phenotype forIBD.

Also provided is a kit for assessing whether an individual has a highrisk IBD1 or low risk IBD2 phenotype, wherein said kit comprisesreagents for establishing the expression level of two or more genesselected from the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3.

The present invention also relates to an in vitro method of identifyinga substance capable of inducing a low risk (IBD2) phenotype in an IBDpatient. The method preferably comprises: providing (i) a whole bloodsample obtained from an IBD patient prior to treatment with a substanceof interest, and (ii) a whole blood sample obtained from the IBD patientfollowing treatment with the substance of interest, wherein the IBDpatient has been determined to have a high risk (IBD1) phenotype using amethod of the invention; and determining the expression level of two ormore genes selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14,VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 in samples (i) and (ii); wherein a lowerexpression of genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7,GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, and a higher expression of genes LGALSL, FCRL5,IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 in sample (ii) relative to sample (i)indicates that the substance is capable of inducing a low risk (IBD2)phenotype in an IBD patient.

The present invention further relates to an in vitro method ofidentifying a substance capable of treating IBD in an individual. Themethod preferably comprises: (i) identifying an individual who is athigh risk or low risk of IBD progression using a method of theinvention; and (ii) comparing the level of IBD progression in theindividual following treatment with the substance of interest with acontrol, wherein a lower level of IBD progression in the individualcompared with the control indicates that the substance is capable oftreating IBD.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 shows a Kaplan-Meier plot comparing treatment escalation-freesurvival between the original CD8 T-cell based IBD1/IBD2 groups (left)and the IBD1/IBD2 groups predicted using the whole blood qPCR classifierdescribed in Example 1 (right; see Table 1 for detail of genes includedin classifier). Obs: observed original groups; pred: groups predictedusing whole blood qPCR data; p: Log-rank test p-value. CL1 and CL2 referto the IBD1 (high risk) and IBD2 (low risk) subgroups, respectively.

FIG. 2 shows a plot demonstrating the predicted probability of eachpatient belonging to the IBD1 group, according to the qPCR classifier(Table 1). Empty dots: IBD1 patients; filled dots: IBD2 patients.

FIG. 3 shows a Kaplan-Meier plot showing treatment escalation-freesurvival in the IBD1/IBD2 groups predicted using the optimised wholeblood qPCR classifier described in Example 2 in an independent cohort of85 newly diagnosed IBD patients (see Table 2 for detail of genesincluded in classifier). qPCR PAX1 and qPCR PAX2 refer to subgroups IBD1and IBD2, respectively. The hazard ratio for subgroup IBD1 relative tosubgroup IBD2 was 3.52, as indicated in FIG. 3.

FIG. 4 shows Kaplan-Meier plots comparing treatment escalation-freesurvival between the IBD1/IBD2 groups predicted using the geneexpression signatures described in WO2010/084312. p: Log-rank testp-value. CL1 and CL2 refer to the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroups, respectively.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

As mentioned above, the present inventors have identified a geneexpression signature that can be used to assess whether an individual isat high risk or low risk of IBD progression by analysing gene expressionin a whole blood sample obtained from the individual, for example byreal time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR).

Specifically, the present inventors have discovered that a high risk(IBD1) phenotype is characterised by upregulated expression of genesARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, andGZMK, and downregulated expression of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, relative to the level of expression of thesegenes in an individual who has a low risk (IBD2) phenotype. The NCBIaccession numbers (as well as GI numbers) for these genes are set out inTable 2 below.

As explained above, while methods for assessing whether an individualhas a high risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype have been describedpreviously, these methods cannot be applied directly to whole bloodsamples, but rather require the isolation of e.g. CD8 T cells from bloodsamples, thus severely limiting their clinical applicability. Incontrast, the gene expression signature identified by the presentinventors can be detected in whole blood samples, thus eliminating theneed for isolating a particular cell type from the blood sample andvastly increasing the clinical utility of diagnostic methods employingthis gene expression signature. In particular, avoiding the need toisolate a particular cell type prior to gene expression analysis reducesthe technical complexity of the methods of the invention, as well asmaking said methods less time consuming and more cost effective toperform.

A method disclosed herein, such as a method of assessing whether anindividual is at high risk or low risk of IBD progression, may thuscomprise determining the expression level of two or more genes selectedfrom the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP,HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96,and TRGV3. Genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7,GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3represent the top 16 marker genes for determining the presence of a highrisk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype in a whole blood sampleobtained from an individual, as identified by the present inventors.

Determining the expression level of two or more of said genes isexpected to be more robust than determining the expression level of onlya single gene. For example, determining the expression level of two ormore genes may allow the presence, or absence, of a high risk (IBD1) orlow risk (IBD2) phenotype to be accurately determined even if theexpression level of e.g. one gene cannot be determined, or isinaccurate.

For example, a method disclosed herein, may comprise determining theexpression level of three or more, four or more, five or more, six ormore, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven ormore, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen or more, fifteen ormore, or all sixteen genes selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4,GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL,FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3. Preferably, a methoddisclosed herein comprises determining the expression level of at leastfive of the genes selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5,IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.

In a preferred embodiment, a method as disclosed herein may comprisedetermining the expression level of IL18RAP and TRGC2. In thisembodiment, the method may optionally further comprise determining theexpression level of one or more, two or more, three or more, four ormore, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine ormore, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, orall fourteen genes selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.

In a further preferred embodiment, a method as disclosed herein maycomprise determining the expression level of IL18RAP, TRGC2 and TRGV3.In this embodiment, the method may optionally further comprisedetermining the expression level of one or more, two or more, three ormore, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight ormore, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more, or allthirteen genes selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L,LINC01136, and LY96.

In one aspect, the invention concerns a method of assessing whether anindividual is at high risk or low risk of inflammatory bowel disease(IBD) progression, the method comprising establishing, by determiningthe expression level of two or more genes in a whole blood sampleobtained from the individual, whether the individual has a high risk(IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype, wherein the two or more genes areselected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3. The method of the invention may further comprisecharacterisation of an IBD1 phenotype by the upregulated expression ofgenes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2,and GZMK, and downregulated expression of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, relative to the level of expression of thesegenes in an individual who has an IBD2 phenotype. The method of theinvention may further comprise determining the risk of progression ofIBD in the individual by calculating a risk score for the patient by a)weighting the measured expression levels of the selected genes; b)applying a logistic regression model to the weighted expression levelsto determine the risk score, wherein a risk score of less than 0.5 isindicative of low risk of IBD progression and a risk score of less than0.5 is indicative of high risk of IBD progression; and c) creating areport summarizing the result of the determination.

In certain aspects of the invention, the method may comprise selectingan individual identified as one who is at high risk or low risk of IBDprogression for treatment for IBD. The method of the invention mayfurther comprise subjecting an individual identified as one who is athigh risk or low risk of IBD progression to treatment for IBD.

In certain aspects of the invention, the expression level of the two ormore genes is determined using real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR),digital PCR, microarray analysis, whole transcriptome shotgunsequencing, or direct multiplexed gene expression analysis.

In certain aspects of the invention, the method comprises: (i) providinga whole blood sample obtained from the individual; (ii) extracting RNAfrom the whole blood sample; (iii) converting the RNA into cDNA; and(iv) performing RT-qPCR, digital PCR, or whole transcriptome shotgunsequencing to determine the expression level of the two or more genes.

In certain aspects, the invention concerns a method for treating IBD inan individual, the method comprising (i) identifying the individual asone who is at high risk or low risk of IBD progression and (ii)subjecting the individual to treatment for IBD.

Other aspects of the invention include an autoimmune disease progressionrisk assessment system for use in the method of the invention, thesystem comprising a tool or tools for determining the expression of twoor more genes selected from the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBPS,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5,IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, and a computer programmed to computean IBD progression risk score from the gene expression data of thesubject. The system may comprise a tool or tools for determining theexpression of two or more genes by RT-qPCR, digital PCR, microarrayanalysis, whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, or direct multiplexedgene expression analysis.

In certain aspects, the invention concerns a method for treating IBD inan individual who is determined to be at high risk or low risk for IBDprogression, the method comprising (i) reviewing test results thatclassify said individual as IBD1 (high risk of IBD progression) or IBD2(low risk of IBD progression), wherein the test determines expressionlevels of two or more genes, wherein the two or more genes are selectedfrom the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP,HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96,and TRGV3, in a whole blood sample obtained from the individual, andwherein upregulated expression of genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, and downregulated expressionof genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 relative tothe level of expression of these genes in an individual who has a lowrisk (IBD2) phenotype, indicates that the individual has a high risk(IBD1) phenotype, and wherein downregulated expression of genes ARRDC4,GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, andupregulated expression of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96,and TRGV3 relative to the level of expression of these genes in anindividual who has a high risk (IBD1) phenotype, indicates that theindividual has a low risk (IBD2) phenotype, and (ii) treating theindividual determined to have an IBD1 or IBD2 phenotype for IBD. Themethod may further comprise requesting a test providing the results ofan analysis to determine the expression level of two or more genes byRT-qPCR, digital PCR, microarray analysis, whole transcriptome shotgunsequencing, or direct multiplexed gene expression analysis.

In certain aspects, the invention concerns a kit for assessing whetheran individual has a high risk IBD1 or low risk IBD2 phenotype, whereinthe kit comprises reagents for establishing the expression level of twoor more genes selected from the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5,IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, wherein an IBD1 phenotype ischaracterised by upregulated expression of genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14,VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, and downregulatedexpression of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3,relative to the level of expression of these genes in an individual whohas an IBD2 phenotype, and wherein an IBD2 phenotype is characterised bydownregulated expression of genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, and upregulated expression ofgenes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 relative to thelevel of expression of these genes in an individual who has an IBD1phenotype. The kit may comprise reagents for establishing the expressionlevel of the two or more genes by RT-qPCR, microarray analysis, digitalPCR, whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, or direct multiplexed geneexpression analysis.

In certain aspects of invention, IBD is ulcerative colitis (UC) orCrohn's disease.

In certain aspects, the invention concerns an in vitro method ofidentifying a substance capable of inducing a low risk (IBD2) phenotypein an IBD patient, the method comprising providing (i) a whole bloodsample obtained from an IBD patient prior to treatment with a substanceof interest, and (ii) a whole blood sample obtained from the IBD patientfollowing treatment with the substance of interest, wherein the IBDpatient has been determined to have a high risk (IBD1) phenotype; anddetermining the expression level of two or more genes selected from thegroup consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7,GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 insamples (i) and (ii); wherein a lower expression of genes ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, and ahigher expression of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, andTRGV3 in sample (ii) relative to sample (i) indicates that the substanceis capable of inducing a low risk (IBD2) phenotype in an IBD patient.The method may further comprise formulating a substance identified ascapable of inducing a low risk (IBD2) phenotype in an IBD patient into amedicament.

In certain aspects, the invention concerns an in vitro method ofidentifying a substance capable of treating IBD in an individual, themethod comprising (i) identifying an individual who is at high risk orlow risk of IBD progression; and (ii) comparing the level of IBDprogression in the individual following treatment with the substance ofinterest with a control, wherein a lower level of IBD progression in theindividual compared with the control indicates that the substance iscapable of treating IBD. The method may further comprise furthercomprise formulating a substance identified as capable of treating IBDinto a medicament.

In certain aspects, the invention concerns a method of providing anarray of patient-identified selected gene expression products from awhole blood sample of a patient, the method comprising a) providing RNAfrom a whole blood sample of said patient; b) converting the RNA intocDNA; c) placing individual aliquots of the cDNA on an array such thatthe cDNA aliquots are identified as patient sample cDNA aliquots; d)performing RT-qPCR, digital PCR, or whole transcriptome shotgunsequencing on the individual cDNA aliquots for each gene of three ormore genes selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14,VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 so as to provide RT-qPCR, digital PCR orwhole transcriptome shotgun sequencing products on the array, therebyproviding an array of patient-identified selected gene expressionproducts consisting essentially of the three or more gene expressionproducts. The method may further comprise the step of the step ofquantifying the RT-qPCR, digital PCR or whole transcriptome shotgunsequencing products. RT-qPCR product may be provided provided bycontacting the cDNA with a primer set specific for each of the three ormore genes. The primer set may comprise a forward primer, a reverseprimer, and a probe primer. In some embodiments, four, five, thirteen,fourteen, or sixteen of the genes are selected from the group consistingof ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2,GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.

In certain aspects, the invention concerns an array ofpatient-identified selected gene expression products from a whole bloodsample of a patient, said array comprising individual cDNA aliquotsidentified as patient sample cDNA, wherein each of three or more cDNAaliquots of the array comprises an RT-qPCR primer pair specific toamplify in the cDNA aliquot a selected gene expression product, whereinthe array comprises primer pairs specific for three or more genesselected from the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3. The array may further comprise an RT-qPCR probespecific for the three or more of the genes. In some embodiments, four,five, thirteen, fourteen, or sixteen of the genes are selected from thegroup consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7,GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.

In certain aspects, the invention concerns a method of providing anarray of quantified patient-identified selected gene expression productsfrom a whole blood sample of a patient, the method comprising a)providing RNA from a whole blood sample of the patient; b) convertingsaid RNA into cDNA; c) placing aliquots of said cDNA on an array suchthat the cDNA aliquots are identified as patient sample cDNA aliquots;and d) performing RT-qPCR, digital PCR, or whole transcriptome shotgunsequencing on said cDNA aliquots so as to provide RT-qPCR, digital PCRor whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing gene expression products onthe array; and e) quantifying the amount of a gene expression productfor each selected gene of three or more genes selected from the group ofgenes consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7,GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3;thereby providing an array of quantified patient-identified selectedgene expression products from a whole blood sample of a patient. Incertain aspects of the method, for each selected gene expression producton the array, the amount of gene expression product for a gene selectedfrom the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP,HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, is lower than a control for the gene;and the amount of gene expression product for a gene selected from thegroup consisting of: LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3is higher than a control for the gene. In another aspect of the method,for each selected gene expression product on the array the amount ofgene product fora gene selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4,GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, ishigher than a control for the gene; and the amount of gene product for agene selected from the group consisting of: LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 is lower than a control for the gene. In someembodiments, four, five, thirteen, fourteen, or sixteen of the genes areselected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3.

In certain aspects, the invention concerns an array of quantifiedpatient-identified selected gene expression products, the arraycomprising individual quantified gene expression products of a wholeblood sample of a patient, the quantified gene expression productsconsisting of amplified cDNA products of three or more genes selectedfrom the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP,HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96,and TRGV3. In some embodiments, for each selected gene expressionproduct on the array, the amount of gene expression product fora geneselected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, is lower than a control forthe gene; and the amount of gene expression product for a gene selectedfrom the group consisting of: LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96,and TRGV3 is higher than a control for the gene. In some embodiments,the amount of gene product for a gene selected from the group consistingof ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, andGZMK, is higher than a control for the gene; and the amount of geneproduct for a gene selected from the group consisting of: LGALSL, FCRL5,IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 is lower than a control for the gene.In some embodiments, four, five, thirteen, fourteen, or sixteen of thegenes are selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14,VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.

As used herein, the term “array” or “panel” is defined to mean a pool ofnucleic acid molecules that is contained within or affixed to a one ormore receptacles, substrates, or solid supports in a manner that permitsthe identification and quantitation of individual nucleic acid membersduring the course of experimental manipulation. Non-limiting examples ofreceptacles, substrates, or solid supports include a series of reactionstubes, microarrays, multi-well plates (e.g., 16-well, 32-well, 48-well,96-well, 384-well, and 1536-well plates), microfluidic devices, andother receptacles, substrates, or solid supports well known in the art.

As used herein, “patient-identified” is defined to mean marked, labeled,coded, or otherwise indicated to have come from, originated from, orderived from an individual patient. Non-limiting examples include thepatient's name, the patient's social security number, a barcode, apatient number, a code, a symbol, or other suitable unique identifiers.

As used herein, “gene expression product” is defined to mean a nucleicacid produced from the transcription of a particular gene. Non-limitingexamples of a gene expression product include mRNA transcripts, cDNA andcDNA fragments created or derived from said mRNA, DNA or DNA fragmentscreated from or derived from said mRNA or said cDNA and cDNA fragments.Non-limiting examples of gene expression products include mRNA, cDNA andcDNA fragments thereof created from said mRNA via reverse transcription,and DNA created or derived from said mRNA, cDNA, or cDNA fragmentsthereof produced via amplification using polymerase chain reaction(PCR), ligase chain reaction (LCR), and other nucleic acid amplificationtechniques well known in the art.

As used herein, “consisting essentially of” is defined as meaningoptionally comprising -other elements or products that do not materiallyaffect the result, outcome, or read-out of the claimed method, assay, orproduct.

As used herein, “quantified” is defined as meaning a determined amountof a gene expression product of a sample obtained from a patient.Non-limiting suitable methods of determining an amount of a geneexpression product present in a sample derived from or obtained from apatient include RT-qPCR, digital PCR, whole transcriptome shotgunsequencing, direct multiplexed gene expression analysis, and othermethods well known in the art.

As used herein, “primer pair” is defined as meaning two primers oroligonucleotides consisting of a forward and reverse primer oroligonucleotide, which are capable of amplifying a specific cDNA or DNAsequences, or fragments thereof via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

As used herein, “primer set” is defined as meaning one or more primerpairs that are capable of amplifying one or more specific cDNA or DNAsequences, or fragments thereof, via PCR.

As used herein, a “severe disease course” is defined as meaning thepresentation of an IBD patient with relatively short periods between IBDflares and/or an increased rate of IBD disease flares over time. IBDflares are characterized by a Harvey Bradshaw (disease activity)index>5; and (i) a C Reactive Protein (CRP) level of >10 mg/l, (ii) acalprotectin level of >200 μg/g, or (iii) endoscopic evidence of diseaseactivity.

As used herein, a “mild disease course” is defined as meaning thepresentation of an IBD patient with relatively long periods between IBDflares and/or a rate of IBD disease flares that do not increase overtime. IBD flares are characterized by a Harvey Bradshaw (diseaseactivity) index>5; and (i) a C Reactive Protein (CRP) level of >10 mg/l,(ii) a calprotectin level of >200 μg/g, or (iii) endoscopic evidence ofdisease activity.

An individual who has high risk (IBD1) phenotype, and thus is at highrisk of IBD progression, is characterised by upregulated expression ofgenes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2,and GZMK, and downregulated expression of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, relative to the level of expression of thesegenes in an individual who has a low risk IBD2 phenotype.

Similarly, an individual who has low risk (IBD2) phenotype, and thus isat low risk of IBD progression, is characterised by downregulatedexpression of genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7,GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, and upregulated expression of genes LGALSL,FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, relative to the level ofexpression of these genes in an individual who has a high risk IBD1phenotype.

An upregulated or downregulated expression of a gene may refer to asignificantly upregulated, or significantly downregulated, level ofexpression of said gene, respectively. Whether an individual has anupregulated or downregulated level of expression of the genes inquestion may be determined by any convenient means and many suitabletechniques are known in the art and described herein.

As is the case with most biomarkers, accuracy of prediction may not beabsolute. Individuals are thus classed as being either at high risk orlow risk of IBD progression. This risk may expressed in a number ofways.

For example, whether an individual is at high risk or low risk of IBDprogression may be expressed in terms of a hazard rate. The hazard ratehere describes the instantaneous probability of IBD progression in anindividual who has a high risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype.Alternatively, the risk of IBD progression may be expressed in terms ofa hazard ratio (HR), where the hazard ratio describes the probability ofIBD progression occurring in an individual who has a high risk (IBD1)phenotype relative to an individual who has a low risk (IBD2) phenotype.

The present inventors have shown that individuals who had a high risk(IBD1) phenotype had a hazard ratio of 3.52 with regard to theprobability of IBD progression relative to individuals who had a lowrisk (IBD2) phenotype (see Example 3 and FIG. 3).

In a preferred embodiment, an individual who is at high risk of IBDprogression may thus have a hazard rate with regard to IBD progressionwhich is at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, or at least 3.5 timeshigher than the hazard rate of an individual who is at low risk of IBDprogression. Similarly, an individual who is at low risk of IBDprogression may have a hazard rate with regard to IBD progression whichis at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, or at least 3.5 times lowerthan the hazard rate of an individual who is at high risk of IBDprogression. Thus, an individual who is at high risk of IBD progression,may have a hazard ratio with regard to IBD progression of at least 2, atleast 2.5, at least 3, or at least 3.5 relative to an individual who isat low risk of IBD progression. More preferably, an individual who is athigh risk of IBD progression, has a hazard rate with regard to IBDprogression which is at least 3.5 times higher than the hazard rate ofan individual who is at low risk of IBD progression, i.e. has a hazardratio with regard to IBD progression of at least 3.5 relative to anindividual who is at low risk of IBD progression, and an individual whois at low risk of IBD progression, has a hazard rate with regard to IBDprogression which is at least 3.5 times lower than the hazard rate of anindividual who is at high risk of IBD progression.

Alternatively, an individual who is at high risk of IBD progression, maybe at least 1.1 times, at least 1.2 times, at least 1.3 times, at least1.4 times, at least 1.5 times, at least 1.6 times, at least 1.7 times,at least 1.8 times, at least 1.9 times, at least 2 times, at least 2.1times, at least 2.2 times, at least 2.3 times, at least 2.4 times, atleast 2.5 times, at least 2.6 times, at least 2.7 times, at least 2.8times, at least 2.9 times, at least 3 times, at least 3.1 times, atleast 3.2 times, at least 3.3 times, at least 3.4 times, or at least 3.5times, more likely to experience IBD progression than an individual whois at low risk of IBD progression. Similarly, an individual who is atlow risk of IBD progression, may be at least 1.1 times, at least 1.2times, at least 1.3 times, at least 1.4 times, at least 1.5 times, atleast 1.6 times, at least 1.7 times, at least 1.8 times, at least 1.9times, at least 2 times, at least 2.1 times, at least 2.2 times, atleast 2.3 times, at least 2.4 times, at least 2.5 times, at least 2.6times, at least 2.7 times, at least 2.8 times, at least 2.9 times, atleast 3 times, at least 3.1 times, at least 3.2 times, at least 3.3times, at least 3.4 times, or at least 3.5 times, less likely toexperience IBD progression than an individual who is at high risk of IBDprogression. The likelihood of IBD progression may refer to thelikelihood of IBD progression over a one year, two year, three year,four year or five year period.

Thus, an individual who is at high risk of IBD progression may have atleast a 10%, at least a 20%, at least a 30%, at least a 40%, at least a50%, at least a 60%, at least a 70%, at least a 80%, at least a 90%, atleast a 100%, at least a 110%, at least a 120%, at least a 130%, atleast a 140%, at least a 150%, at least a 160%, at least a 170%, atleast a 180%, at least a 190%, at least a 200%, at least a 210%, atleast a 220%, at least a 230%, at least a 240%, at least a 250%, atleast a 260%, at least a 270%, at least a 280%, at least a 290%, atleast a 300%, at least a 310%, at least a 320%, at least a 330%, atleast a 340%, or at least a 350%, higher probability of IBD progressionthan an individual who is at low risk of IBD progression. Similarly, anindividual who is at low risk of IBD progression may have at least a10%, at least a 20%, at least a 30%, at least a 40%, at least a 50%, atleast a 60%, at least a 70%, at least a 80%, at least a 90%, at least a100%, at least a 110%, at least a 120%, at least a 130%, at least a140%, at least a 150%, at least a 160%, at least a 170%, at least a180%, at least a 190%, at least a 200%, at least a 210%, at least a220%, at least a 230%, at least a 240%, at least a 250%, at least a260%, at least a 270%, at least a 280%, at least a 290%, at least a300%, at least a 310%, at least a 320%, at least a 330%, at least a340%, or at least a 350%, lower probability of IBD progression than anindividual who is at high risk of IBD progression. The probability ofIBD progression may refer to the probability of IBD progression over aone year, two year, three year, four year or five year period.

There are many suitable methods which may be used to establish whetheran individual has a high risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype (alsoreferred to herein as an IBD progression risk score), by determining theexpression levels of two or more genes selected from the groupconsisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH,TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 in asample obtained from the individual (i.e. the test sample), wherein thesample is preferably a whole blood sample.

For example, the level of expression of two or more genes selected fromthe group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP,NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, andTRGV3 in a sample obtained from the individual may be compared to acollection of data that links expression of the genes in question to ahigh risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype. In a preferredembodiment, the level of expression of two or more genes selected fromthe group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP,NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, andTRGV3 in a sample obtained from the individual is compared to expressiondata for the genes in question obtained from individuals known to have ahigh risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype and, from said comparison,it is assessed whether the individual is at high risk or low risk of IBDprogression. The comparison may use a linear regression model.

Alternatively, the level of expression of two or more genes selectedfrom the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP,HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96,and TRGV3 in a sample obtained from the individual may be used toestablish whether an individual has a high risk (IBD1) or low risk(IBD2) phenotype through use of a computational model based on geneexpression data for the genes in question obtained from individualsknown to have IBD and a suitable machine learning technique (such aslogistic regression, support vector machines, or decision tree-basedmethods). For example, the computational model may be based on geneexpression data for the genes in question obtained from individualsknown to have a high risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype.Alternatively, the computational model may be based on gene expressiondata for the genes in question obtained from individuals which are knownto have IBD and which are known to have or to have not experienced IBDprogression.

In a further example, the level of expression of two or more genesselected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3 in a sample, which is preferably a whole blood sampleobtained from an individual (i.e. the test sample), may be compared witha threshold level for each gene in question. A suitable threshold levelfor a gene can be determined, for example, using qPCR expression dataand machine learning methods (such as logistic regression, supportvector machines, or decision tree-based methods) to establish an optimalexpression threshold that allows maximal separation of patients into thediscrete prognostic subgroups IBD1 and IBD2. Comparison of the level ofexpression of two or more genes selected from the group consisting ofARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK,LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 with a threshold levelfor each of the genes in question may thus indicate whether theindividual has high risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype.

Alternatively, the median expression level of each of the genes inquestion (i.e. two or more genes selected from the group consisting ofARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK,LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3) in samples obtainedfrom a group of individuals may be used as a control value, wherein thegroup consisted of individuals, preferably at least 100, at least 50, orat least 10 individuals, who did not have IBD progression. In this case,an above median expression level of genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14,VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, or GZMK, or a below medianexpression level of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, orTRGV3 in a whole blood sample obtained from an individual may indicatethe presence of a high risk (IBD1) phenotype, while an equal or belowmedian expression level of genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, or GZMK, or an equal or above medianexpression level of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, orTRGV3 in a whole blood sample obtained from an individual may indicatepresence of a low risk (IBD2) phenotype.

As a further alternative, the median expression level of each of thegenes in question in samples obtained from a group of individuals,preferably at least 100, at least 50, or at least 10 individuals, may beused as a control, wherein the group consisted of individuals who hadIBD progression. In this case, an equal or above median expression levelof genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH,TRGC2, or GZMK, or an equal or below median expression level of genesLGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, or TRGV3 in a whole blood sampleobtained from an individual may indicate the presence of a high risk(IBD1) phenotype, while a below median expression level of genes ARRDC4,GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, or GZMK, or anabove median expression level of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136,LY96, or TRGV3 in a whole blood sample obtained from an individual mayindicate presence of a low risk (IBD2) phenotype.

As a yet further alternative, the median expression level of each of thegenes in question in samples obtained from a group of individuals,preferably at least 100, at least 50, or at least 10 individual may beused as a control, wherein the group comprised individuals who did anddid not have IBD progression. Preferably the group comprised an equalnumber, or essentially equal number, of individuals who did and did nothave IBD progression. In this case, an above median expression level ofgenes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2,or GZMK, or a below median expression level of genes LGALSL, FCRL5,IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, or TRGV3 in a whole blood sample obtained fromthe individual may indicate the presence of a high risk (IBD1)phenotype, while a below median expression level of genes ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, or GZMK, or abovemedian expression level of genes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96,or TRGV3 in a whole blood sample obtained from the individual mayindicate presence of a low risk (IBD2) phenotype.

The level of expression of genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3 may be determined by any convenient means and manysuitable techniques are known in the art. For example, suitabletechniques include: real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), digital PCR,microarray analysis, whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing (RNA-SEQ),direct multiplexed gene expression analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbentassays (ELISA), protein chips, flow cytometry (such as Flow-FISH forRNA, also referred to as FlowRNA), mass spectrometry, Western blotting,and northern blotting. A method of the invention may therefore comprisebringing a whole blood sample obtained from an individual into contactwith a reagent suitable for determining the expression level of two ormore genes selected from the group of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3, e.g. a reagent or reagents suitable for determining theexpression level of two or more of said genes using RT-qPCR, digitalPCR, microarray analysis, whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, directmultiplexed gene expression analysis, ELISA, protein chips, flowcytometry, mass spectrometry, or Western blotting. For example, thereagent may be a pair or pairs of nucleic acid primers, suitable fordetermining the expression level of one or more of said genes usingRT-qPCR, digital PCR, or whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing.Alternatively, the reagent may be an antibody suitable for determiningthe expression level of said one or more genes using ELISA or Westernblotting. Preferably, the level of expression of said genes isdetermined using RT-qPCR, digital PCR, microarray analysis, wholetranscriptome shotgun sequencing, or direct multiplexed gene expressionanalysis. Most preferably, the level of expression of said genes isdetermined using RT-qPCR.

RT-qPCR allows amplification and simultaneous quantification of a targetDNA molecule. To analyze gene expression levels using RT-qPCR, the totalmRNA of a whole blood sample may first be isolated and reversetranscribed into cDNA using reverse transcriptase. For example, mRNAlevels can be determined using e.g. Taqman Gene Expression Assays(Applied Biosystems) on an ABI PRISM 7900HT instrument according to themanufacturer's instructions. Transcript abundance can then be calculatedby comparison to a standard curve.

Digital PCR is a new approach to nucleic acid detection andquantification that offers an alternate method to conventional real-timequantitative PCR for absolute quantification and rare allele detection.Digital PCR works by partitioning a sample of DNA or cDNA into manyindividual, parallel PCR reactions; some of these reactions contain thetarget molecule (positive) while others do not (negative). A singlemolecule can be amplified a million-fold or more. During amplification,TaqMan® chemistry with dye-labeled probes is used to detectsequence-specific targets. When no target sequence is present, no signalaccumulates. Following PCR analysis, the fraction of negative reactionsis used to generate an absolute count of the number of target moleculesin the sample, without the need for standards or endogenous controls.The use of a nanofluidic chip provides a convenient and straightforwardmechanism to run thousands of PCR reactions in parallel. Each well isloaded with a mixture of sample, master mix, and TaqMan® Assay reagents,and individually analyzed to detect the presence (positive) or absence(negative) of an endpoint signal. To account for wells that may havereceived more than one molecule of the target sequence, a correctionfactor is applied using the Poisson model.

RNA-SEQ uses next-generation sequencing (NGS) for the detection andquantification of RNA in a biological sample at a given moment in time.An RNA library is prepared, transcribed, fragmented, sequenced,reassembled and the sequence or sequences of interest quantified.

NanoString technology uses unique color-coded molecular barcodes thatcan hybridize directly to many different types of target nucleic acidmolecules, and offers a cost-effective way to analyze the expressionlevels of up to 800 genes simultaneously, with sensitivity comparable toqPCR.

Flow-FISH for RNA employs flow cytometry to determine the abundance of atarget mRNA within a sample using fluorescently-tagged RNA oligos. Thistechnique is described, for example, in Porichis et al., Nat Comm (2014)5:5641. The advantage of this technique is that it can be used withoutthe need to separate the cells present in a sample.

Microarrays allow gene expression in two samples to be compared. TotalRNA is first isolated from, e.g. PBMCs or whole blood using, forexample, Trizol or an RNeasy mini kit (Qiagen). The isolated total RNAis then reverse transcribed into double-stranded cDNA using reversetranscriptase and polyT primers and labelled using e.g. Cy3- orCy5-dCTP. Appropriate Cy3- and Cy5-labelled samples are then pooled andhybridised to custom spotted oligonucleotide microarrays comprised ofprobes representing suitable genes and control features, such as themicroarray described in (Willcocks et al., J Exp Med 205, 1573-82,2008). Samples may be hybridised in duplicate, using a dye-swapstrategy, against a common reference RNA derived from pooled PBMC orwhole blood samples. Following hybridisation, arrays are washed andscanned on e.g. an Agilent G2565B scanner. Suitable alternatives to thesteps described above are well known in the art and would be apparent tothe skilled person. The raw microarray data obtained can then beanalyzed using suitable methods to determine the relative expression ofgenes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2,GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, as applicable.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) allow the relative amountsof proteins present in a sample to be detected. The sample is firstimmobilized on a solid support, such as a polystyrene microtiter plate,either directly or via an antibody specific for the protein of interest.After immobilization, the antigen is detected using an antibody specificfor the target protein. Either the primary antibody used to detect thetarget protein may be labelled to allow detection, or the primaryantibody can be detected using a suitably labelled secondary antibody.For example, the antibody may be labelled by conjugating the antibody toa reporter enzyme. In this case, the plate developed by adding asuitable enzymatic substrate to produce a visible signal. The intensityof the signal is dependent on the amount of target protein present inthe sample.

Protein chips, also referred to as protein arrays or proteinmicroarrays, allow the relative amounts of proteins present in a sampleto be detected. Different capture molecules may be affixed to the chip.Examples include antibodies, antigens, enzymatic substrates, nucleotidesand other proteins. Protein chips can also contain molecules that bindto a range of proteins. Protein chips are well known in the art and manydifferent protein chips are commercially available.

Western blotting also allows the relative amounts of proteins present ina sample to be determined. The proteins present in a sample are firstseparated using gel electrophoresis. The proteins are then transferredto a membrane, e.g. a nitrocellulose or PVDF membrane, and detectedusing monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies specific to the targetprotein. Many different antibodies are commercially available andmethods for making antibodies to a given target protein are also wellestablished in the art. To allow detection, the antibodies specific forthe protein(s) of interest, or suitable secondary antibodies, may, forexample, be linked to a reporter enzyme, which drives a colorimetricreaction and produces a colour when exposed to an appropriate substrate.Other reporter enzymes include horseradish peroxidase, which produceschemiluminescence when provided with an appropriate substrate.Antibodies may also be labelled with suitable radioactive or fluorescentlabels.

Depending on the label used, protein levels may be determined usingdensitometry, spectrophotometry, photographic film, X-ray film, or aphotosensor.

Flow cytometry allows the relative amounts of proteins present in e.g. aPBMC or whole blood sample obtained from a subject to be determined.Flow cytometry can also be used to detect or measure the level ofexpression of a protein of interest on the surface of cells. Detectionof proteins and cells using flow cytometry normally involves firstattaching a fluorescent label to the protein or cell of interest. Thefluorescent label may for example be a fluorescently-labelled antibodyspecific for the protein or cell of interest. Many different antibodiesare commercially available and methods for making antibodies specificfor a protein of interest are also well established in the art.

Mass spectrometry, e.g. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization(MALDI) mass spectrometry, allows the identification of proteins presentin a sample obtained from a individual using e.g. peptide mass fingerprinting. Prior to mass spectrometry the proteins present in the samplemay be isolated using gel electrophoresis, e.g. SDS-PAGE, size exclusionchromatography, or two-dimensional gel electrophoresis.

Also disclosed is a kit for use in assessing whether an individual has ahigh risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype, or for assessing whethera high risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype is present in a wholeblood sample obtained from an individual. The kit may comprise reagentsfor establishing the expression level of two or more genes selected fromthe group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP,NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, andTRGV3. The NCBI accession numbers (as well as GI numbers) for thesegenes are set out in Table 2. The kit may comprise reagents forestablishing the expression level of three or more, four or more, fiveor more, six or more, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten ormore, eleven or more, twelve or more, thirteen or more, fourteen ormore, fifteen or more, or all sixteen of the genes selected from thegroup consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7,GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.Preferably, the kit comprises reagents for establishing the expressionlevel of at least five of the genes selected from the group consistingof: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2,GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.

In a preferred embodiment, the kit comprises reagents for establishingthe expression level of IL18RAP and TRGC2, and optionally reagents forestablishing the expression level of one or more, two or more, three ormore, four or more, five or more, six or more, seven or more, eight ormore, nine or more, ten or more, eleven or more, twelve or more,thirteen or more, or all fourteen genes selected from the groupconsisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, GZMK,LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.

In a further preferred embodiment, the kit comprises reagents forestablishing the expression level of IL18RAP, TRGC2 and TRGV3, andoptionally reagents for establishing the expression level of one ormore, two or more, three or more, four or more, five or more, six ormore, seven or more, eight or more, nine or more, ten or more, eleven ormore, twelve or more, or all thirteen genes selected from the groupconsisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, GZMK,LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, and LY96.

For example, the reagents may be reagents suitable for establishing theexpression of the genes in question using any technique describedherein, such as RT-qPCR, digital PCR, microarray analysis, wholetranscriptome shotgun sequencing, or direct multiplexed gene expressionanalysis. For example, the kit may comprise primers suitable forestablishing the level of expression of the genes in question using e.g.RT-qPCR, digital PCR, whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing, or directmultiplexed gene expression analysis. The design of suitable primers isroutine and well within the capabilities of the skilled person. A kitfor direct multiplexed gene expression analysis may in addition, oralternatively, include fluorescent probes for establishing the level ofexpression of the genes in question.

In addition to detection reagents, the kit may also include RNAextraction reagents and/or reagents for reverse transcription of RNAinto cDNA.

A kit may also include one or more articles and/or reagents forperformance of the method, such as buffer solutions, and/or means forobtaining the test sample itself, e.g. means for obtaining and/orisolating a sample and sample handling containers (such componentsgenerally being sterile). The kit may include instructions for use ofthe kit in a method for assessing whether an individual has a high risk(IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype, or whether high risk (IBD1) or lowrisk (IBD2) phenotype is present in a whole blood sample.

A major advantage of the present invention is that the expression levelof the genes identified by the inventors can be determined in a wholeblood sample obtained from an individual to assess whether theindividual has a high risk (IBD1) or low risk (IBD2) phenotype. Thus, asample as referred to in the context of the present invention ispreferably a whole blood sample. The terms whole blood sample,peripheral blood sample, and peripheral whole blood sample are usedinterchangeably herein. A whole blood sample refers to a sample ofblood, e.g. peripheral blood, obtained from an individual with all itscomponents. The term “whole blood sample” as used herein therefore doesnot encompass a sample of (a) specific blood cell type(s) isolated fromwhole blood, such as isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)or isolated T cells, such as isolated CD8+ or CD4+ T cells, as employedin the methods of the prior art. The whole blood sample may be subjectedto processing following sample collection, such as cell lysis and/oraddition of one or more enzyme inhibitors to inhibit RNA degradation inthe whole blood sample.

Although the present invention is directed to the a method of assessingwhether an individual is at high risk or low risk of IBD progression bydetermining the expression level of two or more genes in a whole bloodsample (rather than e.g. a PBMC sample) obtained from the individual, itis expected that determining the expression level of two or more genesselected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3, in a PBMC sample obtained from an individual couldsimilarly be used to assess whether the individual is at high risk orlow risk of IBD progression. However, this is not claimed.

The term “individual” refers to a human individual. An individual mayalso be referred to as a patient, i.e. a human patient. In the contextof the present invention, the individual has IBD unless the contextdictates otherwise. Preferably the individual has been diagnosed withIBD. As IBD is characterised by periods of severe symptoms (flare-ups)and periods of remission, the individual may be experiencing a flare-upof IBD or be in remission from IBD.

IBD refers to a group of conditions characterised by inflammation of thegut. Symptoms of IBD can include abdominal pain, recurring or bloodydiarrhoea, loss of appetite and weight loss, tiredness and fatigue, aswell as anaemia. The two main types of IBD are ulcerative colitis (UC)and Crohn's disease (CD). Other types include collagenous colitis andlymphocytic colitis. UC and Crohn's disease affect more than 300.000people in the UK alone. Ulcerative colitis primarily affects the colonand the rectum, whereas Crohn's disease affects the small intestine andlarge intestine, and can also affect the mouth, esophagus, stomach andthe anus. UC and Crohn's disease are chronic conditions characterised byperiods of severe symptoms (disease flare-ups) and periods of remission.There is no cure for either disease but treatments are available,including anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive therapy, as well assurgery.

“IBD progression” refers to the progression of IBD after initialpresentation of the disease in an individual. IBD, including UC andCrohn's disease, is characterised by relapses of the disease. Theserelapses are also referred to as flare-ups. Accordingly, IBD progressionmay refer to relapses, or flare-ups, of IBD after initial presentationof the disease. In particular, IBD progression may refer to a highfrequency of relapses, or flare-ups, of IBD after initial presentationof the disease. The present inventors found that the individualsidentified as belonging to the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroups in Example 3respectively had an average of 0.66 and 0.34 relapses, or flare-ups, ofIBD over a period of 12 months after initial presentation of thedisease. A high frequency of relapses, or flare-ups, may therefore referto an average of 0.5 or more, or 0.6 or more, preferably an average of0.6 or more, relapses, or flare-ups, over a period of 12 months afterinitial presentation of the disease, or within 12 months of initialpresentation of the disease. A relapse or flare-up may be an event thatrequires increased therapy, e.g. increased immunosuppressive oranti-inflammatory therapy or surgery. Such a requirement for increasedtherapy may also be referred to as treatment escalation. A relapse orflare-up may result in bowel damage or destruction if left untreated, orif inadequately treated. A high risk of IBD progression may accordinglyrefer to a high risk that the individual will experience relapses orflare-ups of the disease after initial presentation, in particular ahigh risk that the individual will experience on average 0.6 or morerelapses or flare-ups of the disease over a period of 12 months afterinitial presentation of the disease, while a low risk of IBD progressionmay refer to a low risk that the individual will experience relapses orflares of the disease after initial presentation, in particular a lowrisk that the individual will experience on average 0.6 or more relapsesor flare-ups of the disease over a period of 12 months after initialpresentation of the disease.

The diagnosis of a relapse or flare-up of the disease is well within thecapabilities of the skilled practitioner. For example, a relapse orflare-up of IBD in an individual may be characterised by a HarveyBradshaw (disease activity) index>5; and (i) a C Reactive Protein (CRP)level of >10 mg/I, (ii) a calprotectin level of >200 μg/g, or (iii)endoscopic evidence of disease activity; and the individual havingachieved remission following a previous flare-up of the disease. CRP isa blood marker of inflammation produced by the liver. Levels rise duringan inflammatory event. CRP levels are usually measured in a blood sampleobtained from the individual, while calprotectin levels are usuallymeasured in a stool sample.

The Harvey Bradshaw (disease activity) index usually measures thefollowing parameters:

-   -   (i) general well-being (0=very well, 1=slightly below average,        2=poor, 3=very poor, 4=terrible)    -   (ii) abdominal pain (0=none, 1=mild, 2=moderate, 3=severe)    -   (iii) number of liquid stools per day    -   (iv) abdominal mass (0=none, 1=dubious, 2=definite, 3=tender)    -   (v) presence of complications (with one point for each        complication present): arthralgia, uveitis, erythema nodosum,        aphthous ulcers, Pyoderma gangrenosum, anal fissure, new        fistula, abscess

A Harvey Bradshaw index score >5 indicates the presence of mild tosevere disease.

Known treatments for IBD include anti-inflammatory therapy,immunosuppressive therapy, and surgery. Examples of anti-inflammatorytherapy include treatment with steroids (such as corticosteroids, e.g.prednisolone, or budesonide), and/or mesalazine. Examples ofimmunosuppressive therapy include treatment with TNFa inhibitors (suchas infliximab), azathioprine, methotrexate, and/or 6-mercaptopurine.

Treatment may refer to treatment of ongoing disease intended to managethe disease (also referred to as maintenance therapy), as well astreatment of relapses or flare-ups of the disease.

A standard “step-up” treatment involves escalating therapy only inresponse to ongoing disease flare-ups or a failure of the disease torespond to initial treatment. For example, the initial flare-up ofdisease (at which a diagnosis is made) would be treated with ananti-inflammatory steroid, such as prednisolone, or an anti-inflammatorydrug, such as mesalazine (e.g. in UC), but no maintenance therapy wouldbe commenced. If a subsequent flare-up occurs, this treatment would berepeated and a maintenance therapy would then also be added (e.g.treatment with azathioprine, methotrexate, or 6-mercaptopurine). Ifflare-ups of the disease continued despite this maintenance therapy, astronger maintenance therapy, such as treatment with a TNFa inhibitor(infliximab or adalimumab) would then be added. This treatment strategyprevents overtreatment—by only escalating therapy in response toinadequately controlled disease—but risks exposing patients with moreprogressive disease to substantial disease-related complications astreatments that are ultimately not effective at controlling the diseaseare trialled.

As already explained above, it has been found that early introduction ofaggressive therapies in IBD, leads to better outcomes, compared to thestandard step-up approach. Specifically, most patients who have activeCrohn's disease are treated initially with corticosteroids. Althoughthis approach usually controls symptoms, many patients become resistantto or dependent on corticosteroids, and prolonged exposure tocorticosteroids is associated with an increased risk of mortality. Acomparison of early use of combined immunosuppressive therapy usinginfliximab and azathioprine with conventional disease management showedthat combined immunosuppressive therapy was more effective thanconventional disease management for inducing remission and reducingcorticosteroid use in patients who had been recently diagnosed withCrohn's disease. Initiation of more intensive treatment early in thecourse of the disease could therefore result in better outcomes forpatients with IBD (D'Haens et al., 2008; Colombel et al., 2010). Inparticular, Crohn's disease patients treated with early combinationimmunosuppressive therapy (D'Haens et al., 2008) experience longerperiods of steroid-free remission, are more likely to achieve mucosalhealing and, ultimately, to avoid surgical resection (D'Haens et al.,2008; Colombel et al., 2010). However, this strategy is not suitable forall Crohn's disease patients as a proportion of patients would haveachieved prolonged remission even with conventional corticosteroidtreatment (Jess et al., 2007), and thus their treatment with combinationimmunosuppressive therapy would expose them to unnecessary side effectsand toxicity.

The whole blood gene classifier identified by the present inventorspredicts disease course in IBD, including Crohn's disease and ulcerativecolitis. Specifically, patients in the IBD1 subgroup have asubstantially higher incidence of relapses or flare-ups of the disease,resulting not only in a need for earlier treatment escalation but alsomore treatment escalations per unit time of follow up (compared topatients in the IBD2 group). This pattern of relapses or flare-ups ofthe disease is associated with considerable morbidity, and patients inthe IBD1 subgroup are therefore most likely to benefit from earlyaggressive therapy, such as use of TNFα inhibitors.

Patients identified as being at high risk of IBD progression maytherefore be treated with more aggressive therapy than normallyadministered early in the disease course, such as a “top-down” approachwhere patients are treated with a TNFα inhibitor, such as infliximab, incombination with azathioprine, methotrexate or 6-mercaptopurine atdiagnosis, with subsequent relapses or flare-ups being treated withadditional administration of an anti-inflammatory steroid, such asprednisolone, an increased administration of the TNFα inhibitor, ortreatment with an anti-integrin antibody, for example.

In the case of an individual identified as one who is at high risk ofIBD progression, treatment may thus comprise treating, or selecting theindividual for treatment, with a more frequent or more aggressivedisease treatment regimen, or with a disease regimen not normallyadministered during the maintenance phase of IBD. A more frequent ormore aggressive disease treatment regimen may refer to a diseasetreatment regimen that is more frequent or more intense than thetreatment normally administered during the maintenance phase of IBD. Anexample of a more aggressive disease treatment regimen is treatment withone or more immunosuppressants, such as treatment with a TNFα inhibitor,such as infliximab, in combination with azathioprine, 6-mercaptopurine,or methotrexate, e.g. at diagnosis.

In the case of an individual identified as one who is at low risk of IBDprogression, treatment may comprise treating, or selecting theindividual for treatment, with the standard step-up treatment approachdescribed above. The standard step-up approach avoids unnecessaryovertreatment of such patients. Thus, an individual identified as onewho is at low risk of IBD progression, may be treated, or selected fortreatment, with an inflammatory steroid, such as prednisolone, or ananti-inflammatory drug, such as mesalazine, at initial presentation ofthe disease. A subsequent relapse, or flare-up, of the disease may betreated with an inflammatory steroid, such as prednisolone, or ananti-inflammatory drug, such as mesalazine, in combination withadministration of a maintenance therapy, such as treatment withazathioprine, methotrexate, or 6-mercaptopurine. Further relapses, orflare-ups, of the disease may be treated with an inflammatory steroid,such as prednisolone, or an anti-inflammatory drug, such as mesalazine,in combination with administration of a TNFα inhibitor (such asinfliximab or adalimumab) as maintenance therapy.

The methods of the present invention involve the use of whole bloodsamples obtained from one or more individuals and thus are in vitromethods.

The present invention provides an in vitro method comprising determiningthe expression level of two or more genes selected from the groupconsisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH,TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3, in awhole blood sample obtained from an individual.

The methods of the present invention are expected to find application inmethods to identify a substance capable of treating IBD in anindividual, such as clinical trials. The individual employed in such amethod may be at high risk or low risk of IBD progression, preferablythe individual is at high risk of IBD progression. An individual who isat high risk of IBD progression is expected to experience more frequentrelapses or flare-ups of the disease than an individual who is at lowrisk of IBD progression, thus making it easier to evaluate the efficacyof the putative treatment, e.g. in reducing the frequency and/orseverity of such flare-ups or relapses.

A method, preferably an in vitro method, of identifying a substancecapable of treating IBD in an individual may comprise:

(i) identifying an individual who is at high risk or low risk of IBDprogression, preferably at high risk of IBD progression, using a methodof the invention; and

(ii) comparing the level of IBD progression in the individual, whereinthe individual has been subjected to treatment with the substance ofinterest, with a control. A lower level of IBD progression in theindividual compared with the control indicates that the substance iscapable of treating IBD. A lower level of IBD progression may refer to areduction in the frequency and/or severity of flare-ups or relapses ofIBD compared with the control. The method may further comprise a step ofsubjecting the individual to treatment with the substance of interestfollowing step (i) and prior to step (ii) in the above method. Thecontrol may be the level of IBD progression observed in an individual,or group of individuals, identified to be at high risk or low risk,preferably at high risk, of IBD progression using e.g. a method of thepresent invention, which have not been treated with the substance ofinterest.

A method of identifying a substance capable of treating IBD in anindividual may thus comprise:

(i) identifying a first individual who is at high risk or low risk ofIBD progression, preferably at high risk of IBD progression, using amethod of the invention;

(ii) identifying a second individual who is at high risk or low risk ofIBD progression, preferably at high risk of IBD progression, using amethod of the invention; and

(iii) comparing the level of IBD progression in the first individualwith the level of IBD progression in the second individual, wherein thefirst individual has been subjected to treatment with the substance ofinterest, and wherein a lower level of IBD progression in the firstindividual compared with the second individual indicates that thesubstance is capable of treating IBD. The method may optionally furthercomprise a step of treating the first individual with the substance ofinterest following step (i) but prior to step (iii).

The methods of the present invention are also expected to findapplication in methods to identify a substance capable of inducing a lowrisk (IBD2) phenotype in an IBD patient. The patient employed in such amethod is at high risk of IBD progression. Specifically, the presentinvention provides a method, preferably an in vitro method, ofidentifying a substance capable of inducing a low risk (IBD2) phenotypein an IBD patient, the method comprising:

providing (i) a whole blood sample obtained from an IBD patient prior totreatment with a substance of interest, and (ii) a whole blood sampleobtained from the IBD patient following treatment with the substance ofinterest, wherein the IBD patient has been determined to have a highrisk (IBD1) phenotype using a method according to the present invention;and

determining the expression level of two or more genes selected from thegroup consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7,GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 insamples (i) and (ii);

wherein a lower expression of genes ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, and a higher expression ofgenes LGALSL, FCRL5, IF144L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 in sample (ii)relative to sample (i) indicates that the substance is capable ofinducing a low risk (IBD2) phenotype in an IBD patient.

A substance identified as capable of treating IBD or inducing a low risk(IBD2) phenotype in an IBD patient may further be formulated into amedicament. In addition to the substance, such a medicament maycomprise, for example, a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.

Further aspects and embodiments of the invention will be apparent tothose skilled in the art given the present disclosure including thefollowing experimental exemplification.

All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

“and/or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of eachof the two specified features or components with or without the other.For example “A and/or B” is to be taken as specific disclosure of eachof (i) A, (ii) B and (iii) A and B, just as if each is set outindividually herein.

Unless context dictates otherwise, the descriptions and definitions ofthe features set out above are not limited to any particular aspect orembodiment of the invention and apply equally to all aspects andembodiments which are described.

Certain aspects and embodiments of the invention will now be illustratedby way of example and with reference to the figures described above.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Identification of an IBD1/IBD2 Gene Signature inWhole Blood Materials and Methods

Patient recruitment for gene expression profiling

Sixty-nine patients with active Crohn's disease (CD) (n=39) andulcerative colitis (UC) (n=30) were recruited prior to commencingtreatment and follow-up data subsequently collected as already describedin (Lee et al., 2011). Ethical approval for this work was obtained fromthe Cambridgeshire Regional Ethics Committee (REC08/H0306/21). Allparticipants provided written informed consent.

CD8+ T Cells Samples

CD8+ T cells were positively selected from blood samples obtained fromthe sixty-nine patients according to the methods described in (Lyons etal., 2007) and RNA was extracted using RNEasy Mini Kits (Qiagen)according to the manufacturer's instructions, as previously described in(Lee et al., 2011).

Whole Blood Samples

2.5 ml of whole blood was collected from the sixty-nine patients intoRNeasy mini or PAXgene Blood RNA Tube IVD (Qiagen) in order toimmediately fix the RNA (Rainen et al., 2002). Collected samples werestored according to the manufacturer's instructions and RNA wassubsequently extracted using the PAXgene Blood RNA Kit IVD (Qiagen).

RNA Quantification

RNA quantity and quality were determined using a Nanodrop 1000spectrophotometer (Thermo Scientific) and an Agilent 2100 Bioanalyser(Agilent Technologies) respectively.

Whole Blood Gene Expression Profiling 200ng total RNA was processed and

hybridized onto Affymetrix Human Gene ST 1.0 microarrays (CD8+ RNAsamples) or Affymetrix Human Gene ST 2.0 (whole blood RNA samples) whichwere then washed and scanned according to the manufacturer'sinstructions.

Microarray Data Processing

Microarray raw data were processed in R using the preprocessCore package(Bolstad, 2013) in BioConductor (Huber et al., 2015). Briefly, raw datawere background corrected, quantile-normalised and summarised using thecode reported in listing 4.1. Presence of potential outliers wasassessed using the package arrayQualityMetrics (Kauffmann et al., 2009).Batch correction was performed using ComBat (Johnson et al., 2007).Importantly, knowledge about IBD1/IBD2 membership of individual sampleswas not incorporated in the batch correction procedure, in order toavoid any downward bias in the generalisation error estimate byleave-one-out cross-validation. Only probe sets detecting expressedtranscripts (defined as probe sets showing a log 2 expressionsignal >7.0 in at least 75% of samples) were retained. Unexpressed probesets and probe sets without annotation were removed from the dataset,leaving 12,874 probe sets for the whole-blood gene expression dataset.

Quantitative PCR

Levels of mRNA for candidate genes and three reference genes weredetermined using TaqMan Expression Assays (Life Technologies) on a RocheLightCycler 480 real time PCR instrument according to the manufacturer'sinstructions. PCR conditions were optimised to minimise intra- andinter-plate variation. Transcript abundance was calculated using theAACT method (Livak et al., 2001). A cDNA sample derived from pooled RNAextracted from whole-blood of healthy individuals was included in eachplate and used as a calibrator. Each measurement was repeated threetimes and the median of the three technical replicates was used in thefinal analysis.

IBD1/IBD2 patient classification based on CD8+ T cell gene expressiondata

To assign IBD1 (poor prognosis) or IBD2 (good prognosis) status to thesixty-nine patients, normalised expression data from the patients' CD8+T cell samples was merged with data from the inventor's existing IBDpatient cohort. Consensus clustering of the merged dataset was then usedto stratify the cohort into the two previously identified prognosticgroups, as described in Lee et al., 2011.

Patients in the IBD1 subgroup have a substantially higher incidence ofrelapses or flare-ups of the disease, characterised not only by anearlier need for treatment escalation but also by a requirement for moretreatment escalations per unit time of follow up (compared to patient inthe IBD2 group).

IBD1/IBD2 patient classification based on whole blood gene expressiondata

In parallel, a dataset of whole blood gene expression data from thesixty-nine IBD patients was also generated. A number of genes necessaryto stratify patients into the two prognostic groups (IBD1 and IBD2)based on the whole blood gene expression data were selected by applyinga logistic regression model with adaptive elastic net regularization tothe whole blood gene expression dataset. The selected candidate genesand several closely correlated genes were taken forward for testingusing real time PCR analysis.

Taqman real time PCR assays were performed for each candidate genetogether with 10 invariant reference genes. An elastic net regularisedregression model was applied to the real time PCR data to identify anoptimal model, comprised of 15 genes, that was able to stratify thecohort of 69 IBD patients into the two original prognostic groups, IBD1and IBD2 (PPV=0.87, NPV=0.94, sensitivity 0.94, specificity 0.85; FIGS.1 and 2). The IBD1 and IBD2 subgroups also demonstrated an equivalentassociation with disease course, both in terms of escalation-freesurvival (P=0.0074) and number of escalations over time (P=0.0003, meannumber of treatment escalations: 1.62 (IBD1), 0.70 (IBD2). The 15 genesare listed in Table 1.

TABLE 1 No. Gene symbol Gene name 1 ARRDC4 Arrestin domain containing 42 GBP5 Guanylate binding protein 5 3 P2RY14 Purinergic receptor P2Y,G-protein coupled, 14 4 VTRNA1-1 Vault RNA 1-1 5 IL18RAP Interleukin 18receptor accessory protein 6 HP Haptoglobin 7 NUDT7 Nudix (nucleosidediphosphate linked moiety X)-type motif 7 8 GZMH Granzyme H 9TRGC2/TARP/ T cell receptor gamma constant 2/T cell receptor TRGJI gammajoining 1 10 ZNF493 Zinc finger protein 493 11 LGALSL Lectin,galactoside-binding-like 12 FCRL5 Fc receptor-like 5 13 IFI44LInterferon-induced protein 44-like 14 LINC01136 Long intergenicnon-protein coding RNA 1136 15 LY96 Lymphocyte antigen 96

Example 2 Optimisation of the Whole Blood Classifier for RT-qPCRAnalysis

The genes identified in Example 1 were taken forward to real time qPCRassay development, where the final content of the whole blood classifier(16 informative and 2 reference genes) was optimised and finalised. Theinformative genes forming part of this classifier are listed in Table 2below.

Through being detectable in whole blood by methods such as RT-qPCR,stratification of patients using this whole blood gene classifier willbe simpler and more cost effective than tests requiring the isolation ofparticular cell types prior to determining gene expression, as describedin WO2010/084312, for example.

Furthermore, the whole blood gene classifier is expected to havewide-ranging healthcare benefits, including leading directly to majorimprovements in IBD management; enabling patients with aggressivedisease to receive appropriately potent therapy from diagnosis, whileensuring that those with indolent disease are not exposed to the risksand side-effects of unnecessary immunosuppression. This is expected toimprove clinical outcomes, by minimising treatment toxicity and reducingdisease complications and healthcare costs. The whole blood geneclassifier is also expected to facilitate the pre-selection of patientsfor clinical trials based upon likelihood of disease flare, therebyreducing the number of patients required for trials of flare preventionor treatment by a factor of 2 to 3.

TABLE 2 Upregulated/ NCBI NCBI Gene downregulated Gene accession GI No.symbol Gene name in subtype IBD1 ID number number 1 ARRDC4 Arrestindomain upregulated 91947 NM_183376.2 190886441 containing 4 2 GBP5Guanylate binding upregulated 115362 NM_052942.3 197333735 protein 5 3P2RY14 Purinergic receptor upregulated 9934 NM_001081455.1 125625353P2Y, G-protein coupled, 14 4 VTRNA1-1 Vault RNA 1-1 upregulated 56664NR_026703.1 222352136 5 IL18RAP Interleukin 18 upregulated 8807NM_003853.3 588480507 receptor accessory protein 6 HP Haptoglobinupregulated 3240 NM_005143.4 970259872 7 NUDT7 Nudix (nucleosideupregulated 283927 NM_001105663.2 343887368 diphosphate linked moietyX)-type motif 7 8 GZMH Granzyme H upregulated 2999 NM_033423.4 3991247669 TRGC2/ T cell receptor upregulated 6967 BC039116.1 25058606 TARP/gamma constant 2/ TRGJI T cell receptor gamma joining 1 10 GZMK GranzymeK upregulated 3003 NM_002104.2 73747815 11 LGALSL Lectin, downregulated29094 NM_014181.2 156151365 galactoside- binding-like 12 FCRL5 Fcreceptor-like 5 downregulated 83416 NM_031281.2 157694525 13 IFI44LInterferon-induced downregulated 10964 NM_006820.3 732662992 protein44-like 14 LINC01136 Long intergenic downregulated 730227 NR_034151.1300796286 non-protein coding RNA 1136 15 LY96 Lymphocyte antigendownregulated 23643 NM_015364.4 307775406 96 16 TRGV3 T Cell Receptordownregulated 6976 BC071739.1 47938244 Gamma Variable 3

Example 3 Independent Validation of the qPCR-Based Whole Blood Assay

Independent validation of the prognostic performance of the 16 geneclassifier identified in Example 2 was then performed using a second,independent, cohort of 85 newly diagnosed IBD patients from 4 sitesaround the UK (Cambridge, Nottingham, Exeter, and London). Analysis ofwhole blood gene expression using the qPCR-based test developed inExample 2 replicated the prognostic stratification seen in the discoverycohort with a IBD1/IBD2 Hazard ratio of 3.52 (95 percent confidenceinterval [CI]: 1.84-6.76, P=0.0002, FIG. 3). This performance comparesfavourably to that of existing gene expression based in vitro diagnostictests. For example, the Hazard ratio for Oncotype DX, a gene expressiondiagnostic that predicts breast cancer recurrence, is 2.81 (95% CI: 1.704.64) (Paik et al., NEJM, 2004).

Example 4 Minimal Gene Classifier

To determine the minimum number of genes of the optimised whole bloodclassifier developed in Example 2 necessary to stratify patients intothe two prognostic groups, IBD1 and IBD2, the inventors performed anexhaustive computational analysis of all possible combinations of the 16genes identified in Example 2 to determine the minimum number of geneswhich could be used to accurately stratify IBD patients into the IBD1and IBD2 subgroups.

For each possible combination of n genes (with 1<=n<=16), an L2regularised logistic regression model was fitted to the relevant qPCRgene expression data and the associated predictive performance for eachmodel was evaluated as already described in Example 1.

The results listed in Table 3 below show that whole blood geneexpression data from as few as two genes selected from the optimised16-gene whole blood classifier identified in Example 2 could be used toaccurately stratify IBD patients into the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroups.Specifically, measuring expression of genes IL18RAP and TRGC2 in wholeblood samples obtained from IBD patients was sufficient to stratifypatients into the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroups with an accuracy of 0.71(sensitivity: 0.73; specificity: 0.69; PPV: 0.69; NPV: 0.74).

Similarly, whole blood gene expression data for three genes selectedfrom the optimised whole blood classifier developed in Example 2 wasshown to be suitable for accurately stratify IBD patients into the IBD1and IBD2 subgroups. For example, measuring expression of genes IL18RAP,TRGC2 and TRGV3 in whole blood samples obtained from IBD patients wassufficient to stratify patients into the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroups with anaccuracy of 0.74 (sensitivity: 0.74; specificity: 0.74; PPV: 0.74; NPV:0.74).

Combinations of 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15 genes fromthe genes listed in Table 2 were similarly tested and found to besuitable for stratifying IBD patients into the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroupswith an accuracy of 0.7 or above, as shown in Table 3.

It must be noted that for each number of genes tested, Table 3 onlyreports the combination of genes which resulted in optimalstratification of the IBD patients into the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroups. Forexample, only the combination of four genes allowing optimalstratification of the IBD patients into the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroups isshown in Table 3. However, other combinations of four genes selectedfrom the 16-gene classifier identified in Example 2 were also suitablefor stratifying IBD patients into the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroups with anaccuracy of 0.7 or above.

Measuring expression of all 16 genes in whole blood samples obtainedfrom IBD patients stratified patients into the IBD1 and IBD2 subgroupswith an accuracy of 0.971 (PPV=1.000; NPV=0.941; sensitivity: 0.946; andspecificity: 1.000)

TABLE 3 No. of Pos Neg genes in Pred. Pred. Hazard Genes included inclassifier Accuracy Sensitivity Specificity Value Value Ratio logrank.poptimal classifier 1 0.623 0.655 0.600 0.543 0.706 1.439 0.265663969TRGV3 2 0.710 0.727 0.694 0.686 0.735 2.012 0.033898248 IL18RAP, TRGC2 30.739 0.743 0.735 0.743 0.735 1.776 0.082653382 IL18RAP, TRGC2,TRGV3 40.783 0.778 0.788 0.800 0.765 2.274 0.014241606 IL18RAP, LOC730227,TRGC2, VTRNA1_1 5 0.812 0.806 0.818 0.829 0.794 2.314 0.013031682IL18RAP, LOC730227, TRGC2, TRGV3, VTRNA1_1 6 0.826 0.848 0.806 0.8000.853 1.950 0.042996294 IL18RAP, LGALSL, LOC730227, TRGC2, TRGV3,VTRNA1_1 7 0.855 0.838 0.875 0.886 0.824 1.774 0.086038034 FCRL5,LOC730227, NUDT7, P2RY14, TRGC2, TRGV3, VTRNA1_1 8 0.870 0.882 0.8570.857 0.882 2.848 0.001823014 FCRL5, GBP5, IFI44L, IL18RAP, LGALSL,TRGC2, TRGV3, VTRNA1_1 9 0.884 0.886 0.882 0.886 0.882 2.281 0.012903601ARRDC4, GBP5, HP, IL18RAP, LGALSL, LOC730227, LY96, P2RY14, VTRNA1_1 100.884 0.886 0.882 0.886 0.882 2.124 0.022933794 FCRL5, GBP5, IFI44L,IL18RAP, LGALSL, LOC730227, P2RY14, TRGC2, TRGV3, VTRNA1_1 11 0.9130.914 0.912 0.914 0.912 2.439 0.007083716 ARRDC4, FCRL5, GBP5, HP,IFI44L, IL18RAP, LOC730227, LY96, TRGC2, TRGV3, VTRNA1_1 12 0.928 0.9170.939 0.943 0.912 2.588 0.004515272 ARRDC4, FCRL5, GBP5, HP, IFI44L,IL18RAP, LGALSL, LOC730227, LY96, P2RY14, TRGC2, VTRNA1_1 13 0.928 0.9170.939 0.943 0.912 2.711 0.003123373 ARRDC4, FCRL5, GBP5, GZMH, HP,IFI44L, IL18RAP, LGALSL, LOC730227, LY96, P2RY14, TRGV3, VTRNA1_1 140.913 0.892 0.938 0.943 0.882 2.023 0.034300476 FCRL5, GBP5, GZMK, HP,IFI44L, IL18RAP, LGALSL, LOC730227, LY96, NUD17, P2RY14, TRGC2, TRGV3,VTRNA1_1 15 0.942 0.897 1.000 1.000 0.882 2.573 0.005854707 ARRDC4,FCRL5, GBP5, GZMH, GZMK, HP, IFI44L, IL18RAP, LGALSL, LOC730227, LY96,NUDT7, P2RY14, TRGV3 VTRNA1_1 16 0.971 0.946 1.000 1.000 0.941 2.6160.004390451 ARRDC4, FCRL5, GBP5, GZMH, GZMK, HP, IFI44L, IL18RAP,LGALSL, LOC730227, LY96, NUDT7, P2RY14, TRGC2, TRGV3, VTRNA1_1

Comparative Example 5

The present inventors tested the ability of the gene expressionsignatures previously described in WO2010/084312 to correctly stratifypatients into the high risk IBD1 and low risk IBD2 subgroups based onwhole blood gene expression data, as already described in Example 1.Measuring expression of the genes disclosed in Tables 1 or 2 ofWO2010/084312, or genes KAT2B, ANKRD32 and ZNF26, or ITGA2, PTPN22 andNOTCH1, described in WO2010/084312, in whole blood did not result in anaccurate classification of the IBD patients into the IBD1 and IBD2subgroups, as indicated by the Log-rank test p-values reported below therelevant graphs (see FIG. 4). These results demonstrate that the genesignatures disclosed in WO2010/084312 are not suitable for assessingwhether an individual is at high risk or low risk of IBD progressionwhen gene expression is measured in whole blood.

Example 6 Patient Classification Using a 3-, 4-, 5-, 13-, 14-, and16-Gene Model

The method of the invention stratifies patients into patient's having ahigh or low risk of IBD progression, requiring collection of only 2.5 mlof whole blood in a collection tube that facilitates stability of RNAmaterial and may be posted internationally (as the RNA remains stable atroom temperature for up to 3 days). The assay returns a rapid resultwithin 48 hours and measures gene expression via quantitative RT-PCR fora patient diagnosis, prior to starting treatment.

The result of each RT-PCR measurement relies upon an algorithm to applyspecific weighting to return an outcome prediction (high/low risk of IBDprogression) with a validated odds ratio of 3.5 between high and lowrisk outcome groups.

Patient Classification Using a 3-, 4-, 5-, 13-, 14-, and 16-Gene Model

To determine their likely disease course patients 429 and 483 providedblood samples in PAXGene® Blood RNA tubes. Following RNA extraction andcDNA synthesis, the expression levels of 16 informative genes (ARRDC4,FCRL5, GBP5, GZMH, GZMK, HP, IF144L, IL18RAP, LGALSL, LINC01136, LY96,NUDT7, P2RY14, TRGC2, TRGV3 and VTRNA1-1) and 2 reference genes (RNA18S5and CDV3) were determined by quantitative PCR using a Roche Lightcycler480 (Ct, Table 4). The raw data was normalised by subtracting the meanvalue of the 2 reference genes from each informative gene (dCt, Table4), and then standardised by mean centring (dCt′, Table 4).

TABLE 4 Raw and normalised expression data for individual test assaysPatient 429 Patient 483 Assay Ct dCt dCt’ Ct dCt dCt’ ARRDC4 35.84 14.640.52 35.11 15.00 −1.48 FCRL5 35.01 13.81 −0.34 35.24 15.13 0.81 GBP529.07 7.87 −0.53 26.32 6.20 −1.70 GZMH 31.46 10.26 −0.21 27.77 7.66−2.61 GZMK 33.44 12.24 −0.86 31.86 11.74 −0.88 HP 32.31 11.11 −0.1030.72 10.61 −0.72 IFI44L 34.85 13.65 −0.43 33.03 12.92 −0.55 IL18RAP31.14 9.94 −1.43 31.22 11.11 −0.67 LGALSL 32.28 11.08 0.32 30.56 10.44−1.31 LINC01136 35.40 14.20 −0.46 34.97 14.85 0.11 LY96 35.40 14.20−0.32 34.22 14.11 −1.18 NUDT7 37.35 16.15 0.32 36.54 16.43 0.62 P2RY1437.56 16.36 −0.91 34.90 14.79 −1.63 TRGC2 38.25 17.05 2.34 32.99 12.88−1.06 TRGV3 40.86 19.66 −0.32 37.41 17.30 −0.65 VTRNA1-1 33.45 12.251.26 31.81 11.70 0.56 CDV3 30.10 — — 28.79 — — (Reference) RNA18S5 12.30— — 11.44 — — (Reference)The risk score, expressed as probability (P), of either patientexperiencing mild disease (low risk of IBD progression) can bedetermined by applying the following logistic regression model to thestandardised gene expression data using a 3-gene model (equation (1)), a4-gene model (equation (2)), a 5-gene model (equation (3)), 13-genemodel (equation (4)), a 14-gene model (equation (5)), and a 16-genemodel (equation (6)).

Log it(P _(severe))=β₀+β₁(IL18RAP)+β₂(TRGC2)+β₃(TRGV3)   (1)

Log it(P _(severe))=β₀+β₁(IL18RAP)+β₂(LINC01136)+β₃(TRGC2)+β₄(VTRNA1-1)  (2)

Log it(P_(severe))=β₀+β₁(IL18RAP)+β₂(LINC01136)+β₃(TRGC2)+β₄(TRGV3)+β₅(VTRNA1-1)  (3)

Log it(P_(severe))=β₀+β₁(ARRDC4)+β₂(FCRL5)+β₃(GBP5)+β₄(GZMH)+β₅(HP)+β₆(IFI44L)+β₇(IL18RAP)+β₈(LGALSL)+β₉(LINC01136)+β₁₀(LY96)+β₁₁(P2RY14)+β₁₂(TRGV3)+β₁₃(VTRNA1-1)  (4)

Log it(P_(severe))=β₀+₁(FCRL5)+β₃(GBP5)+β₄(GZMK)+β₅(HP)+β₆(IFI44L)+β₇(IL18RAP)+β₈(LGALSL)+β₉(LINC01136)+β₁₀(LY96)+β₁₁(NUDT7)+β₁₂(P2RY14)+β₁₃(TRGC2)+β₁₄(TRGV3)  (5)

Log it(P_(severe))=β₀+β₁(ARRDC4)+β₂(FCRL5)+β₃(GBP5)+β₄(GZMH)+β₅(GZMK)+β₆(HP)+β₇(IFI44L)+β₈(IL18RAP)+β₉(LGALSL)+β₁₀(LINC01136)+β₁₁(LY96)+β₁₂(NUDT7)+β₁₃(P2RY14)+β₁₄(TRGC2)+β₁₅(TRGV3)+β₁₆(VTRNA1-1)  (6)

Individual weightings ranging from −60 to 60, −30 to 30, or −10 to 10are then applied to the standardized gene expression data for each genein the model. Individual weightings (beta) for each assay are as shownin Table 5.

TABLE 5 Gene weightings for 3-, 4-, 5-, 13-, 14-, and 16-gene modelsBeta values 3 gene 4 gene 5 gene 13 gene 14 gene 16 gene model modelmodel model model model Model intercept 0.07 0 0.03 −0.74 0.04 0.81 term(β₀) ARRDC4 — — — −2.39 — −3.13 FCRL5 — — — 2.78 1.22 5.56 GBP5 — — —−7.12 −2.88 −9.38 GZMH — — — −2.84 — −2.86 GZMK — — — — −1.28 −3.25 HP —— — −3.18 −1.32 −5.12 IFI44L — — — 5.86 1.51 5.22 IL18RAP −0.75 −1 −0.27−3.47 −1.6 −5.19 LGALSL — — — 1.97 1.54 4.17 LINC01136 — 0.9 0.24 4.33−1.14 5.97 LY96 — — — 4.51 1.43 5.98 NUDT7 — — — — −1.14 −3.91 P2RY14 —— — −4.08 −1.03 −2.73 TRGC2 −0.85 −0.8 −0.25 — −1.35 −1.85 TRGV3 1 —0.25 1.47 1.71 3.89 VTRNA1-1 — −0.8 −0.22 −5.96 −2.25 −6.83

3-Gene Model

Rearranging equation (1) the probability of patient 429 following asevere disease course is given by:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{0.07 + {({{- 0.75^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({{- 0.85^{*}}2.34})} + {({1^{*} - 0.31})}}}{1 + \exp^{0.07 + {({{- 0.75^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({{- 0.85^{*}}2.34})} + {({1^{*} - 0.31})}}}$P_(severe) = 0.24

Since P_(severe)<0.5 patient 429 is predicted to follow a mild diseasecourse.

Similarly, for patient 483:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{0.07 + {({{- 0.75^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({{- 0.85^{*}} - 1.05})} + {({1^{*} - 0.65})}}}{1 + \exp^{0.07 + {({{- 0.75^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({{- 0.85^{*}} - 1.05})} + {({1^{*} - 0.65})}}}$P_(severe) = 0.45

Since P_(severe)<0.5 patient 483 is predicted to follow a mild diseasecourse.

4-Gene Model

Rearranging equation (2) the probability of patient 429 following asevere disease course is given by:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{0 + {({{- 1^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({0.9^{*} - 0.45})} + {({{- 0.8^{*}}2.34})} + {({{- 0.8^{*}}1.26})}}}{1 + \exp^{0 + {({{- 1^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({0.9^{*} - 0.45})} + {({{- 0.8^{*}}2.34})} + {({{- 0.8^{*}}1.26})}}}$P_(severe) = 0.13

Since P_(severe)<0.5 patient 429 is predicted to follow a mild diseasecourse.

Similarly, for patient 483:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{0 + {({{- 1^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({0.9^{*} - 0.10})} + {({{- 0.8^{*}} - 1.0})} + {({{- 0.8^{*}}0.55})}}}{1 + \exp^{0 + {({{- 1^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({0.9^{*} - 0.10})} + {({{- 0.8^{*}} - 1.0})} + {({{- 0.8^{*}}0.55})}}}$P_(severe) = 0.73

Since P_(severe)>0.5 patient 483 is predicted to follow a severe diseasecourse.

5-Gene Model

Rearranging equation (3) the probability of patient 429 following asevere disease course is given by:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{0.03 + {({{- 0.27^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({0.24^{*} - 0.45})} + {({{- 0.25^{*}}2.34})} + {({0.25^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 0.22^{*}}1.26})}}}{1 + \exp^{0.03 + {({{- 0.27^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({0.24^{*} - 0.45})} + {({{- 0.25^{*}}2.34})} + {({0.25^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 0.22^{*}}1.26})}}}$  P_(severe) = 0.35

Since P_(severe)<0.5 patient 429 is predicted to follow a mild diseasecourse.

Similarly, for patient 483:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{0.03 + {({{- 0.27^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({0.24^{*}0.1})} + {({{- 0.25^{*}} - 1.05})} + {({0.25^{*} - 0.65})} + {({{- 0.22^{*}}0.55})}}}{1 + \exp^{0.03 + {({{- 0.27^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({0.24^{*}0.1})} + {({{- 0.25^{*}} - 1.05})} + {({0.25^{*} - 0.65})} + {({{- 0.22^{*}}0.55})}}}$  P_(severe) = 0.55

Since P_(severe)>0.5 patient 483 is predicted to follow a severe diseasecourse (high risk of IBD progression).

13-Gene Model

Rearranging equation (4) the probability of patient 429 following asevere disease course is given by:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{\begin{matrix}{{- 0.74} + {({{- 2.39^{*}}0.52})} + {({2.78^{*} - 0.33})} + {({{- 7.12^{*}} - 0.53})} + {({{- 2.84^{*}} - 0.21})} + {({{- 3.18^{*}} - 0.10})} +} \\{{({5.86^{*} - 0.42})} + {({{- 3.47^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({1.97^{*}0.31})} + {({4.33^{*} - 0.45})} + {({4.51^{*} - 0.31})} +} \\{{({{- 4.08^{*}} - 0.91})} + {({1.47^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 5.96^{*}}1.26})}}\end{matrix}}}{1 + \exp^{\begin{matrix}{{- 0.74} + {({{- 2.39^{*}}0.52})} + {({2.78^{*} - 0.33})} + {({{- 7.12^{*}} - 0.53})} + {({{- 2.84^{*}} - 0.21})} +} \\{{({{- 3.18^{*}} - 0.10})} + {({5.86^{*} - 0.42})} + {({{- 3.47^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({1.97^{*}0.31})} + {({4.33^{*} - 0.45})} +} \\{{({4.51^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 4.08^{*}} - 0.91})} + {({1.47^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 5.96^{*}}1.26})}}\end{matrix}}}$   P_(severe) = 0.058

Since P_(severe)<0.5 patient 429 is predicted to follow a mild diseasecourse.

Similarly, for patient 483:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{\begin{matrix}{{- 0.74} + {({{- 2.39^{*}} - 1.47})} + {({2.78^{*}0.80})} + {({{- 7.12^{*}} - 1.70})} + {({{- 2.84^{*}} - 2.60})} + {({{- 3.18^{*}} - 0.72})} +} \\{{({5.86^{*} - 0.54})} + {({{- 3.47^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({1.97^{*} - 1.30})} + {({4.33^{*}0.10})} + {({4.51^{*} - 1.18})} +} \\{{({{- 4.08^{*}} - 1.62})} + {({1.47^{*} - 0.65})} + {({{- 5.96^{*}}0.55})}}\end{matrix}}}{1 + \exp^{\begin{matrix}{{- 0.74} + {({{- 2.39^{*}} - 1.47})} + {({2.78^{*}0.80})} + {({{- 7.12^{*}} - 1.70})} + {({{- 2.84^{*}} - 2.60})} +} \\{{({{- 3.18^{*}} - 0.72})} + {({5.86^{*} - 0.54})} + {({{- 3.47^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({1.97^{*} - 1.30})} + {({4.33^{*}0.10})} +} \\{{({4.51^{*} - 1.18})} + {({{- 4.08^{*}} - 1.62})} + {({1.47^{*} - 0.65})} + {({{- 5.96^{*}}0.55})}}\end{matrix}}}$   P_(severe) = 1

Since P_(severe)>0.5 patient 483 is predicted to follow a severe diseasecourse (high risk of IBD progression).

14-Gene Model

Rearranging equation (5) the probability of patient 429 following asevere disease course is given by:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{\begin{matrix}{0.04 + {({1.22^{*} - 0.33})} + {({{- 2.88^{*}} - 0.53})} + {({{- 1.28^{*}} - 0.85})} + {({{- 1.32^{*}} - 0.1})} + {({1.51^{*} - 0.42})} +} \\{{({{- 1.6^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({1.54^{*}0.31})} + {({{- 1.14^{*}} - 0.45})} + {({1.43^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 1.14^{*}}0.32})} +} \\{{({{- 1.03^{*}} - 0.91})} + {({{- 1.35^{*}}2.34})} + {({1.71^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 2.25^{*}}1.26})}}\end{matrix}}}{1 + \exp^{\begin{matrix}{0.04 + {({1.22^{*} - 0.33})} + {({{- 2.88^{*}} - 0.53})} + {({{- 1.28^{*}} - 0.85})} + {({{- 1.32^{*}} - 0.1})} +} \\{{({1.51^{*} - 0.42})} + {({{- 1.6^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({1.54^{*}0.31})} + {({{- 1.14^{*}} - 0.45})} + {({1.43^{*} - 0.31})} +} \\{{({{- 1.14^{*}}0.32})} + {({{- 1.03^{*}} - 0.91})} + {({{- 1.35^{*}}2.34})} + {({1.71^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 2.25^{*}}1.26})}}\end{matrix}}}$   P_(severe) = 0.201

Since P_(severe)<0.5 patient 429 is predicted to follow a mild diseasecourse.

Similarly, for patient 483:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{\begin{matrix}{0.04 + {({1.22^{*}0.80})} + {({{- 2.88^{*}} - 1.70})} + {({{- 1.28^{*}} - 0.88})} + {({{- 1.32^{*}} - 0.72})} + {({1.51^{*} - 0.54})} +} \\{{({{- 1.6^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({1.54^{*} - 1.30})} + {({{- 1.14^{*}}0.10})} + {({1.43^{*} - 1.18})} + {({{- 1.14^{*}}0.62})} +} \\{{({{- 1.03^{*}} - 1.62})} + {({{- 1.35^{*}} - 1.05})} + {({1.71^{*} - 0.65})} + {({{- 2.25^{*}}0.55})}}\end{matrix}}}{1 + \exp^{\begin{matrix}{0.04 + {({1.22^{*}0.80})} + {({{- 2.88^{*}} - 1.70})} + {({{- 1.28^{*}} - 0.88})} + {({{- 1.32^{*}} - 0.72})} +} \\{{({1.51^{*} - 0.54})} + {({{- 1.6^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({1.54^{*} - 1.30})} + {({{- 1.14^{*}}0.10})} + {({1.43^{*} - 1.18})} +} \\{{({{- 1.14^{*}}0.62})} + {({{- 1.03^{*}} - 1.62})} + {({{- 1.35^{*}} - 1.05})} + {({1.71^{*} - 0.65})} + {({{- 2.25^{*}}0.55})}}\end{matrix}}}$   P_(severe) = 0.98

Since P_(severe)>0.5 patient 483 is predicted to follow a severe diseasecourse (high risk of IBD progression).

16-Gene Model

Rearranging equation (6) the probability of patient 429 following asevere disease course is given by:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{\begin{matrix}{0.81 + {({{- 3.13^{*}}0.52})} + {({5.56^{*} - 0.33})} + {({{- 9.38^{*}} - 0.53})} + {({{- 2.86^{*}} - 0.21})} + {({{- 3.25^{*}} - 0.85})} +} \\{{({{- 5.12^{*}} - 0.10})} + {({5.22^{*} - 0.428})} + {({{- 5.19^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({4.17^{*}0.31})} + {({5.97^{*} - 0.45})} +} \\{{({5.98^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 3.91^{*}}0.32})} + {({{- 2.73^{*}} - 0.91})} + {({{- 1.85^{*}}2.34})} + {({3.89^{*} - 0.31})} +} \\{({{- 6.83^{*}}1.26})}\end{matrix}}}{1 + \exp^{\begin{matrix}{0.81 + {({{- 3.13^{*}}0.52})} + {({5.56^{*} - 0.33})} + {({{- 9.38^{*}} - 0.53})} + {({{- 2.86^{*}} - 0.21})} +} \\{{({{- 3.25^{*}} - 0.85})} + {({{- 5.12^{*}} - 0.10})} + {({5.22^{*} - 0.428})} + {({{- 5.19^{*}} - 1.42})} + {({4.17^{*}0.31})} +} \\{{({5.97^{*} - 0.45})} + {({5.98^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 3.91^{*}}0.32})} + {({{- 2.73^{*}} - 0.91})} + {({{- 1.85^{*}}2.34})} +} \\{{({3.89^{*} - 0.31})} + {({{- 6.83^{*}}1.26})}}\end{matrix}}}$   P_(severe) = 0.008

Since P_(severe)<0.5 patient 429 is predicted to follow a mild diseasecourse.

Similarly, for patient 483:

$P_{severe} = \frac{\exp^{\begin{matrix}{0.81 + {({{- 3.13^{*}} - 1.47})} + {({5.56^{*}0.80})} + {({{- 9.38^{*}} - 1.70})} + {({{- 2.86^{*}} - 2.60})} + {({{- 3.25^{*}} - 0.88})} +} \\{{({{- 5.12^{*}} - 0.72})} + {({5.22^{*} - 0.54})} + {({{- 5.19^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({4.17^{*} - 1.30})} + {({5.97^{*}0.10})} +} \\{{({5.98^{*} - 1.18})} + {({{- 3.91^{*}}0.62})} + {({{- 2.73^{*}} - 1.62})} + {({{- 1.85^{*}} - 1.05})} + {({3.89^{*} - 0.65})} +} \\{({{- 6.83^{*}}0.55})}\end{matrix}}}{1 + \exp^{\begin{matrix}{0.81 + {({{- 3.13^{*}} - 1.47})} + {({5.56^{*}0.80})} + {({{- 9.38^{*}} - 1.70})} + {({{- 2.86^{*}} - 2.60})} +} \\{{({{- 3.25^{*}} - 0.88})} + {({{- 5.12^{*}} - 0.72})} + {({5.22^{*} - 0.54})} + {({{- 5.19^{*}} - 0.67})} + {({4.17^{*} - 1.30})} +} \\{{({5.97^{*}0.10})} + {({5.98^{*} - 1.18})} + {({{- 3.91^{*}}0.62})} + {({{- 2.73^{*}} - 1.62})} + {({{- 1.85^{*}} - 1.05})} +} \\{{({3.89^{*} - 0.65})} + {({{- 6.83^{*}}0.55})}}\end{matrix}}}$   P_(severe) = 1

Since P_(severe)>0.5 patient 483 is predicted to follow a severe diseasecourse.

The above, not limiting example, exemplifies one embodiment of theinvention as applied to three, four, five, thirteen, fourteen, and 16genes selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14,VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3. However, the method can readily be adaptedby those of skill in the art to two, three, four, five, six, seven,eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, orsixteen genes selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5,IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.

Methods

RNA Extraction

A blood sample obtained from a subject is incubated in a PAXgene® tube(PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, Cat. No. 762164, BD Biosciences, San Jose,Calif.) at room temperature (15-25° C.) for 3 hours. The tube containingthe sample is then centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4,000×g and thesupernatant is decanted from the tube and discarded. Followingdecantation of the supernatant, the tube is closed using a freshsecondary BD Hemogard™ (PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, BD Biosciences, San Jose,Calif.) closure. The tube is then vortexed until the pellet is visiblydissolved and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 4,000×g. Followingcentrifugation, the entire supernatant is removed and discarded using apipette. 350 μl of resuspension buffer BR1 (PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, BDBiosciences, San Jose, Calif.) is then added and the tube is vortexeduntil the pellet is visibly dissolved. The sample is then pipetted intoa 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube to which 300 μl of binding buffer BR2(PAXgene Blood RNA MDx Kit, BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) and 40 μlof proteinase K are individually added. The tube is then vortexed for 5seconds and incubated for 10 minutes at 55° C. using a shaker-incubatorat 1000 rpm. Following incubation, the lysate from the microcentrifugetube is pipetted directly into a PAXgene® Shredder spin column (lilac)(PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) placed in a 2ml processing tube and centrifuged for 3 minutes at 15,000×g. The entiresupernatant of the flow-through fraction is then carefully pipetted to afresh 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube without disturbing the pellet in theprocessing tube. 350 μl of 96-100% ethanol is added to the supernatant,vortexed for 2 seconds, and centrifuged for 1 second at 500×g to removedrops from the inside of the tube lid. 700 μl of the sample is pipettedinto the PAXgene® RNA spin column (red) (PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, BDBiosciences, San Jose, Calif.) placed in a 2 ml processing tube andcentrifuged for 1 minute at 15,000×g. The spin column is placed in a new2 ml processing tube and the old processing tube containing flow-throughis discarded. The remaining sample is pipetted into a PAXgene® RNA spincolumn (PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) andcentrifuged for 1 minute at 15,000×g. The spin column is placed in a new2 ml processing tube and the old processing tube containing flow-throughis discarded. 350 μl of wash buffer BR3 is pipetted into the PAXgene®RNA spin column and centrifuged for 1 minute at 15,000×g. The spincolumn is placed in a new 2 ml processing tube and the old processingtube containing flow-through is discarded.

In a separate 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, a DNase I incubation mix ismade by mixing 10 μl of DNase I solution (PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, BDBiosciences, San Jose, Calif.) with 70 μl of buffer RDD (PAXgene BloodRNA Kit, BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.). 80 μl of the DNase Iincubation mix is then added directly onto the PAXgene® RNA spin columnmembrane and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature (20-30° C.).350 μl of buffer BR3 is pipetted into the PAXgene® RNA spin column andcentrifuged for 1 minute at 15,000×g. The spin column is placed in a new2 ml processing tube and the old processing tube containing flow-throughis discarded. 500 μl of wash buffer BR4 (PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, BDBiosciences, San Jose, Calif.) is pipetted into the PAXgene® RNA spincolumn and centrifuged for 1 minute at 15,000 g. The spin column isplaced in a new 2 ml processing tube and the old processing tubecontaining flow-through is discarded. 500 μl of buffer BR4 is pipettedinto the PAXgene® RNA spin column and centrifuged for 3 minutes at15,000 g. The spin column is placed in a new 2 ml processing tube andcentrifuged for 1 minute at 15,000×g. The PAXgene® RNA spin column isplaced in a 1.5 ml microcentrifuge tube, 40 μl of elution buffer BR5(PAXgene Blood RNA Kit, BD Biosciences, San Jose, Calif.) is pipetteddirectly onto the PAXgene RNA spin column membrane and centrifuged for 1minute at 15,000×g to elute the RNA. Repeat the elution step using 40 μlof elution buffer BR5 and the same microcentrifuge tube. Incubate theeluate RNA sample at 65° C. for 5 minutes and immediately chill the RNAsample on ice.

RNA Quantification

Spin a ready to use aliquot of the Agilent RNA 6000 gel-dye mix tube(Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit, Cat. No. 5067-1511, Agilent, Santa Clara,Calif.) at 13,000×g for 10 minutes, and then allow the gel-dye mix toequilibrate at room temperature (15-25° C.) for 30 minutes. Place a newRNA Nano chip (Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit, Cat. No. 5067-1511, Agilent,Santa Clara, Calif.) onto a ready to use chip priming station (Cat. No.5065-4401, Agilent, Santa Clara, Calif.). Pipette 9 μl of the gel-dyemix at the bottom of the well marked “G.” In the chip priming station,position the plunger at 1 ml and close the chip priming station. Waitfor exactly 30 seconds and then release the plunger with the cliprelease mechanism and visually inspect that the plunger moves back atleast to the 0.3 ml mark. Wait for 5 seconds, then slowly pull back theplunger to the 1 ml position. Open the chip priming station and pipette9 μl of the gel-dye mix in each of the reaction wells. Place a ready touse aliquot of the Agilent RNA 6000 Ladder (Cat. No. 5067-1529, Agilent,Santa Clara, Calif.) on ice for 15 minutes for complete thawing and thenincubate at 70° C. for 2 minutes. Pipette 1 μl of the Agilent RNA 6000Ladder into the well marked with the ladder symbol. Pipette 5 μl of theAgilent RNA 6000 Nano marker (Agilent RNA 6000 Nano Kit, Cat. No.5067-1511, Agilent, Santa Clara, Calif.) into the well marked with theladder symbol and each of the reaction wells. Pipette 1 μl of the RNAsample into the upper left well of the RNA Nano chip. Vortex the RNANano chip horizontally for 60 seconds at 2400 rpm. Place the chipcarefully into the receptacle of the Agilent 2100 Bioanalyzer (Agilent,Santa Clara, Calif.) and close the lid and run the chip. Followingcompletion of the run the integrity of the RNA is checked and if RIN>7the RNA is quantified using a Nanodrop spectrophotometer prior toproceeding with cDNA synthesis.

cDNA Synthesis

In labeled 0.2 ml thin wall tube on ice combine the following to createa mix (Table 6):

TABLE 6 Number of patient samples to be analyzed (+Reference;+10%)Component 1 2 3 4 5x VILO Reaction Mix 15.4 μl 19.8 μl 24.2 μl 28.6 μl(SuperScript ™ VILO ™ cDNA Synthesis Kit, Cat. No. 11754050,ThermoFisher Scientific, Grand Island, NY) 10x SuperScript Enzyme Mix 7.7 μl  9.9 μl 12.1 μl 14.3 μl (SuperScript ™ VILO ™ cDNA SynthesisKit, Cat. No. 11754050, ThermoFisher Scientific, Grand Island, NY)Nuclease-free water 15.4 μl 19.8 μl 24.2 μl 28.6 μl

For each sample, add 10 μl of the mix prepared in to 10 μl of the RNAsample diluted to 15 ng/μl (150 ng of RNA). For the Reference RNA, add25 μl of the cDNA synthesis mix prepared in (2.) to 25 μl of theReference RNA diluted to 15 ng/μl (375 ng). Gently mix and place tubesin a thermocycler (Eppendorf MasterCycler Nexus SX1, SKU #8125-30-1030,Eppendorf AG, Germany). Incubate at 25° C. for 10 minutes. Incubate at42° C. for 60 minutes. Terminate reaction at 85° C. for 5 minutes. Letit cool to 4° C. Briefly centrifuge tube to collect contents at thebottom of the tube and store cDNA samples at −20° C. prior to qPCR.

qPCR

Resuspend the thawed cDNA samples vortexing gently, then centrifugebriefly to collect liquid at the bottom of the tube. For each sample,transfer contents to a labeled 0.5 ml tube and dilute 20× by adding 380μl nuclease-free water. For the reference cDNA, transfer contents to alabeled 0.5 ml tube and dilute 5× by adding 200 μl nuclease-free water.

Depending on the number of cDNA samples to be analyzed, for each assaycombine the following components in a labeled nuclease free 1.5 ml tube(Table 7):

TABLE 7 Number of cDNA samples to be analyzed (+Reference +1) PCRreaction mix component 1 2 3 4 20x Primer/Probe Mix (each primer at 50 8 μl  11 μl  14 μl  17 μl micromolar, each probe at 10 micromolar) 2xTaqman Gene Expression Master Mix 80 μl 110 μl 140 μl 170 μlThermoFisher Scientific, Grand Island, NY) Nuclease-free water 40 μl  55μl  70 μl  85 μl

The following exemplary RT-qPCR primers (Table 8) may be used. However,the skilled artisan is readily capable of designing other suitableprimers to perform the presented exemplary RT-qPCR assay.

TABLE 8 Gene Forward primer Reverse primer Probe sequencelong intergenic CCACATGATTTCCAG CCAGGGCTTAGAGAGAC AGCAGAAATAGCTGTGGnon-protein coding CTGAT CCT CAG RNA 1136 (LINC01136) nudix hydrolase 7GTGGCTAAAGAAGGA CGCTTACCTCCAGGGAAG CATTTGTTGTTCACCGTC (NUDT7) AAACT CACG purinergic receptor GCGAATGGGAAAGG GCCATGTCTCCAGAAGTATTTCTTAGAAAGCAAAT P2Y14 (P2RY14) AGACCA AA AAA interleukin 18CCTATTTCCTGATGTT TTGACATAGTTGGGGCTC AAACAAATATGGATATA receptor accessoryTTAG AA GCC protein (IL18RAP) granzyme H CTGAGAAAATGCAGCAGGCCATGTAGGGGCGG TCCTCCTGTTGGCCTTTC (GZMH) CATTC GAG TTinterferon induced AATGTTGGCAAAAGT CACTTTAGTAAGCAAGGC AGTTCACAAAGAAGTATprotein 44 like GAAGC CA TAA (IFI44L) guanylate binding GGCAAAGTACTATCGTCCTTGGACTTTAAATAT TCGGAAAGGAATACAGG protein 5 (GBP5) GGAGC TT CTGFc receptor like 5 AAATGTGGTTTACTC TTCAGAGTAGATGATAGG ACGGATCATCCAAGAGA(FCRL5) AGAAG GG AAA lymphocyte antigen TGAATACAACAATATAAGAGCATTTCTTCTGGG CCTTCAAGGGAATAAAA 96 (LY96) CATTC CT TTTarrestin domain GCTGTCTTCTCGGAG GATGGAAGTTGAAAGCG TACCTGAACGTGCGCCTcontaining 4 GTGGA AAA CAG (ARRDC4) Haptoglobin (HP) TTTTGCAGTGGACTCGTGCTCCACATAGCCATG TGATGTCACGGATATCG AGGCA TG CAG vault RNA 1-1GGTTACTTCGACAGT CGCCCGCGGGTCTCGAAC ATTGAAACAAGCAACCT (VTRNA1-1) TCTTT AAGTC T cell receptor CAAATGATGTCACCA CAGTAGTGTATCATTTGC ATCCCAAATACAATTATgamma constant 2 CAGTG AT TCA (TRGC2) lectin, GCAATCCCTTACTTTCCCACAAACACTCGGAAA ATTCCAGACCAGCCATT galactosidase CATT CGT CAGbinding like (LGALSL) granzyme K CTGTGCAGGAGATGC AGACACCTTTACAGATCACCAGAAGGATTCCTGTA (GZMK) CAAAG AG AGG T cell receptor TTTCTATTTTAATGCCTGATATGGACTTCTTTAT TATATTTTCGTTCTGATA gamma variable 3 ATAT GC TT(TRGV3) CDV3 homolog GATTACAGCGGCCTC GATCTTGTCTCTTTTCATTCAGGCAATGCAAATAAG (CDV3) AGGGT A CAG (Reference) RNA; 45S pre-TGGTCGCTCGCTCCTC CGTCGGCATGTATTAGCT CTTGGATAACTGTGGTA ribosomal 5; RNA;TCCT CT ATT 18S ribosomal 5 (RNA18S5) (Reference)

Cap the tube and invert several times to mix. Centrifuge briefly tocollect the reaction mix in the bottom of the tube. The protocol belowexemplifies an assay conducted on cDNA samples from four patients,measuring the expression levels of 16 genes along with two referencecontrols. However, the assay can be performed on one or more cDNAsamples and can readily be designed by one of skill in the art tomeasure the expression levels of two or more genes of the 16 genes usingone or more reference controls. Pipette 4 μl of each cDNA template intothe wells of a labeled 384-well plate as follows:

-   -   a. Reference cDNA (CDV3 and RNA85S5) wells A1-C6    -   b. cDNA sample #1 wells D1-F6    -   c. cDNA sample #2 wells G1-16    -   d. cDNA sample #3 wells J1-L6    -   e. cDNA sample #4 wells M1-O6

Pipette 4 of nuclease-free water into each No Template Control well(wells P10P18).

Add 16 μl of each Taqman Gene Expression Assay into the following wells:

-   -   a. Assay 1: Wells A1-A3, D1-D3, G1-G3, J1-J3, M1-M3, P1    -   b. Assay 2: Wells A4-A6, D4-D6, G4-G6, J4-J6, M4-M6, P2    -   c. Assay 3: Wells A7-A9, D7-D9, G7-G9, J7-J9, M7-M9, P3    -   d. Assay 4: Wells A10-A12, D10-D12, G10-G12, J10-J12, M10-M12,        P4    -   e. Assay 5: Wells A13-A15, D13-D15, G13-G15, J13-J15, M13-M15,        P5    -   f. Assay 6: Wells A16-A18, D16-D18, G16-G18, J16-J18, M16-M18,        P6    -   g. Assay 7: Wells A19-A21, D19-D21, G19-G21, J19-J21, M19-M21,        P7    -   h. Assay 8: Wells A22-A24, D22-D24, G22-G24, J22-J24, M22-M24,        P8    -   i. Assay 9: Wells B1-B3, E1-E3, H1-H3, K1-K3, N1-N3, P9    -   j. Assay 10: Wells B4-B6, E4-E6, H4-H6, K4-K6, N4-N6, P10    -   k. Assay 11: Wells B7-B9, E7-E9, H7-H9, K7-K9, N7-N9, P11    -   l. Assay 12: Wells B10-B12, E10-E12, H10-H12, K10-K12, N10-N12,        P12    -   m. Assay 13: Wells B13-B15, E13-E15, H13-H15, K13-K15, N13-N15,        P13    -   n. Assay 14: Wells B16-B18, E16-E18, H16-H18, K16-K18, N16-N18,        P14    -   o. Assay 15: Wells B19-B21, E19-E21, H19-H21, K19-K21, N19-N21,        P15    -   p. Assay 16: Wells B22-B24, E22-E24, H22-H24, K22-K24, N22-N24,        P16    -   q. Assay 17: Wells C1-C3, F1-F3, I1-I3, L1-L3, O1-O3, P17    -   r. Assay 18: Wells C4-C6, F4-F6, I4-I6, L4-L6, O4-O6, P18

Seal the 384-well plate with the sealing foil (Cat. No. 04729757001,Roche Diagnostics Corporation, Indianapolis, Ind.). Centrifuge the platebriefly to mix the contents of the wells and load the plate into thethermocycler (Roche LightCycler480 II, Roche Diagnostics Corporation,Indianapolis, Ind.). Select detection format to Dual Color HydrolysisProbe/UPL Probe, set the qPCR program as follows for 70 cycles, and runthe assay:

a. 95° C. for 10 minutes

b. 95° C. for 10 seconds

c. 60° C. for 1 minute

d. 40° C. for 30 seconds.

REFERENCES

All documents mentioned in this specification are incorporated herein byreference in their entirety.

Ananthakrishnan, Ashwin N., et al. “Differential effect of geneticburden on disease phenotypes in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis:analysis of a North American cohort.” The American journal ofgastroenterology 109.3 (2014): 395.

Billiet, Thomas, Marc Ferrante, and Gert Van Assche. “The use ofprognostic factors in inflammatory bowel diseases.” Currentgastroenterology reports 16.11 (2014): 1-14.

Bolstad, Benjamin Milo. “preprocessCore: A collection of pre-processingfunctions.” R package version 1.0 (2013).

Choi, Jung Kyoon, and Sang Cheol Kim. “Environmental effects on geneexpression phenotype have regional biases in the human genome.” Genetics175.4 (2007): 1607-1613.

Colombel, Jean Frederic, et al. “Inflixinnab, azathioprine, orcombination therapy for Crohn's disease.” New England Journal ofMedicine 362.15 (2010): 1383-1395.

D'Haens, Geert, et al. “Early combined immunosuppression or conventionalmanagement in patients with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease: an openrandomised trial.” The Lancet 371.9613 (2008): 660-667.

Freeman, Willard M., Stephen J. Walker, and Kent E. Vrana. “QuantitativeRT-PCR: pitfalls and potential.” Biotechniques 26 (1999): 112-125.

Friedman, David J., Laurence A. Turka, and Simon C. Robson. “There's agoat behind door number 3: from Monty Hall to medicine.” The Journal ofclinical investigation 121.10 (2011): 3819.

Gerich, Mark E., and Dermot P B McGovern. “Towards personalized care inIBD.” Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 11.5 (2014): 287-299.

Huber, Wolfgang, et al. “Orchestrating high-throughput genomic analysiswith Bioconductor.” Nature methods 12.2 (2015): 115-121.

IBD Research Priority, Setting Partnership (2015). Inflammatory BowelDisease (IBD) Research Priorities. Accessed: 2015-04-20. url:http://www.bsg.org.uk/images/stories/docs/research/ibd_psp_top10_final.pdf.

Jess, Tine, et al. “Changes in clinical characteristics, course, andprognosis of inflammatory bowel disease during the last 5 decades: apopulation-based study from Copenhagen, Denmark.” Inflammatory boweldiseases 13.4 (2007): 481-489.

Jostins, Luke, et al. “Host-microbe interactions have shaped the geneticarchitecture of inflammatory bowel disease.” Nature 491.7422 (2012):119-124.

Kaser, A, S Zeissig, and R S Blumberg (2010). “Inflammatory BowelDisease”. In: Annual Review of Immunology 28, pp. 573-621.

Lee, James C., et al. “Gene expression profiling of CD8+ T cellspredicts prognosis in patients with Crohn disease and ulcerativecolitis.” The Journal of clinical investigation 121.10 (2011):4170-4179.

Livak, Kenneth J., and Thomas D. Schmittgen. “Analysis of relative geneexpression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2-ΔΔCTnnethod.”methods 25.4 (2001): 402-408.

Loly, Catherine, Jacques Belaiche, and Edouard Louis. “Predictors ofsevere Crohn's disease.” Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology 43.8(2008): 948-954.

Lyons, Paul A., et al. “Novel expression signatures identified bytranscriptional analysis of separated leucocyte subsets in systemiclupus erythematosus and vasculitis.” Annals of the rheumatic diseases69.6 (2010): 1208-1213.

Lyons, Paul A., et al. “Microarray analysis of human leucocyte subsets:the advantages of positive selection and rapid purification.” BMCgenomics 8.1 (2007): 1.

Markowitz, James, et al. “The Prometheus Crohn's prognostic test doesnot reliably predict complicated Crohn's disease in children.”Gastroenterology 140.5 (2011): S-153.

McKinney, Eoin F., et al. “A CD8+ T cell transcription signaturepredicts prognosis in autoimmune disease.” Nature medicine 16.5 (2010):586-591.

McKinney, Eoin F., et al. “T-cell exhaustion, co-stimulation andclinical outcome in autoimmunity and infection.” Nature (2015).

Micheel, Christine M., Sharly J. Nass, and Gilbert S. Omenn, eds.Evolution of translational omics: lessons learned and the path forward.National Academies Press, 2012.

Peyrin-Biroulet, Laurent, et al. “Surgery in a population-based cohortof Crohn's disease from Olmsted County, Minnesota (1970-2004).” TheAmerican journal of gastroenterology 107.11 (2012): 1693-1701.

Schena, Mark, et al. “Quantitative monitoring of gene expressionpatterns with a complementary DNA nnicroarray.” Science 270.5235 (1995):467.

1. A method of providing an array of patient-identified selected geneexpression products from a whole blood sample of a patient, the methodcomprising: a) providing RNA from a whole blood sample of said patient;b) converting said RNA into cDNA; c) placing individual aliquots of saidcDNA on an array such that said cDNA aliquots are identified as patientsample cDNA aliquots; d) performing RT-qPCR, digital PCR, or wholetranscriptome shotgun sequencing on said individual cDNA aliquots foreach gene of three or more genes selected from the group consisting of:ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK,LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 so as to provideRT-qPCR, digital PCR or whole transcriptome shotgun sequencing productson said array, thereby providing an array of patient-identified selectedgene expression products consisting essentially of said three or moregene expression products.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprisingthe step of (e) quantifying said RT-qPCR, digital PCR or wholetranscriptome shotgun sequencing products.
 3. The method of claim 1,wherein said RT-qPCR product is provided by contacting said cDNA with aprimer set specific for each of said three or more genes.
 4. The methodof claim 3, wherein said primer set comprises a forward primer, areverse primer, and a probe primer.
 5. An array of patient-identifiedselected gene expression products from a whole blood sample of apatient, said array comprising: individual cDNA aliquots identified aspatient sample cDNA, wherein each of three or more cDNA aliquots of saidarray comprises an RT-qPCR primer pair specific to amplify in said cDNAaliquot a selected gene expression product, wherein said array comprisesprimer pairs specific for three or more genes selected from the groupconsisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH,TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.
 6. Thearray of claim 5, further comprising an RT-qPCR probe specific for saidthree or more genes.
 7. The method of claim 1, further comprising thestep of e) quantifying the amount of a gene expression product for eachselected gene of said three or more genes; thereby providing an array ofquantified patient-identified selected gene expression products from awhole blood sample of a patient.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein foreach selected gene expression product on said array, the amount of geneexpression product for a gene selected from the group consisting of:ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, andGZMK, is lower than a control for said gene; and the amount of geneexpression product for a gene selected from the group consisting of:LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 is higher than acontrol for said gene.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein for eachselected gene expression product on said array, the amount of geneproduct for a gene selected from the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, is higherthan a control for said gene; and the amount of gene product for a geneselected from the group consisting of: LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3 is lower than a control for said gene.
 10. An array ofquantified patient-identified selected gene expression products, saidarray comprising individual quantified gene expression products of awhole blood sample of a patient, said quantified gene expressionproducts consisting of amplified cDNA products of three or more genesselected from the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136,LY96, and TRGV3.
 11. The array of claim 10, wherein for each selectedgene expression product on said array, the amount of gene expressionproduct for a gene selected from the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, is lowerthan a control for said gene; and the amount of gene expression productfor a gene selected from the group consisting of: LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L,LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 is higher than a control for said gene. 12.The array of claim 10, wherein for each selected gene expression producton said array, the amount of gene product for a gene selected from thegroup consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7,GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, is higher than a control for said gene; and theamount of gene product for a gene selected from the group consisting of:LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 is lower than acontrol for said gene.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein four, five,thirteen, fourteen, or sixteen of said genes are selected from the groupconsisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH,TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.
 14. Thearray of claim 5, wherein four, five, thirteen, fourteen, or sixteen ofsaid genes are selected from the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5,P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5,IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3.
 15. The array of claim 10, whereinfour, five, thirteen, fourteen, or sixteen of said genes are selectedfrom the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP,HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96,and TRGV3.
 16. A method of providing distinguishable patient-identifiedselected gene expression products of a whole blood sample of a patient,the method comprising: a) providing nucleic acid of a whole blood sampleof said patient, said nucleic acid comprising gene expression products;and b) hybridizing said nucleic acid with probes specific for selectedgene expression products, said probes comprising molecular barcodes, toform distinguishable hybrids comprising said selected gene expressionproducts and said probes, wherein said selected gene expression productsare encoded by three or more genes selected from the group of genesconsisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH,TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3; therebyproviding distinguishable patient-identified selected gene expressionproducts.
 17. The method of claim 16, further comprising the step of c)quantifying the amount of distinguishable hybrids of step b) therebyproviding quantified patient-identified selected gene expressionproducts.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein for each selected geneexpression product, the amount of gene expression product for a geneselected from the group consisting of: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1,IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, and GZMK, is lower than a control forsaid gene; and the amount of gene expression product for a gene selectedfrom the group consisting of: LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96,and TRGV3 is higher than a control for said gene.
 19. The method ofclaim 16, wherein for each selected gene expression product, the amountof gene expression product for a gene selected from the group consistingof: ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP, HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, andGZMK, is higher than a control for said gene; and the amount of geneexpression product for a gene selected from the group consisting of:LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96, and TRGV3 is lower than acontrol for said gene.
 20. The method of claim 16, wherein saidmolecular barcodes are color-coded.
 21. The method of claim 16, whereinsaid nucleic acid comprises RNA.
 22. The method of claim 16, whereinfour, five, thirteen, fourteen, or sixteen of said genes are selectedfrom the group consisting of ARRDC4, GBP5, P2RY14, VTRNA1-1, IL18RAP,HP, NUDT7, GZMH, TRGC2, GZMK, LGALSL, FCRL5, IFI44L, LINC01136, LY96,and TRGV3.